Oral & Maxillo Facial Surgery

15/06/2025

A real photo taken during an endoscopy, showing a denture stuck in the throat (esophagus).🤔😮
fans Oral & Maxillo Facial Surgery

09/06/2025

08/06/2025

Facial Muscles 💯

Read detailed descriptions in the caption of each image.👇

08/06/2025

Anatomy

07/06/2025

The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve (CN V) responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face to the brain. It is a complex nerve with three main branches:

1. Ophthalmic nerve (V1): transmits sensory information from the eye, forehead, and nose.
2. Maxillary nerve (V2): transmits sensory information from the upper jaw, cheek, and palate.
3. Mandibular nerve (V3): transmits sensory information from the lower jaw, tongue, and mouth.

The trigeminal nerve is responsible for:

- Sensing facial pain, pressure, and temperature
- Controlling chewing and swallowing muscles
- Regulating salivation and tear production
- Transmitting sensory information from the face and head to the brain

Damage to the trigeminal nerve can result in various disorders, including:

- Trigeminal neuralgia (TN): a condition characterized by sudden, severe facial pain
- Trigeminal neuropathy: nerve damage leading to numbness, weakness, or pain in the face
- Bell's palsy: a condition affecting the facial nerve (CN VII) but often involving the trigeminal nerve

12/04/2025

Root morphology ✅

12/04/2025

Endodontic essentials ❤️

12/04/2025

💠This visual High-yield book will give you an extra edge in remembering all the important points for your exam with mnemonics, memory tricks, and unique images.

✅Check out the digital book available on the Medinaz App.

✅Install the app from the App Store or Play Store.

12/04/2025

Ameloblastoma – An Odontogenic Tumor

🔵 Definition:
Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumor that originates from the odontogenic epithelium. It is believed to arise from the remnants of the dental lamina, enamel organ, the epithelial lining of an odontogenic cyst (particularly dentigerous cysts), or from the basal cells of the oral epithelium. It does not involve ectomesenchyme and does not form hard tissues like enamel or dentin.

🔵 Epidemiology:
Ameloblastomas account for approximately 10% of all odontogenic tumors. They commonly occur between the third and fifth decades of life, with a slight male predilection. The mandible is the most common site, particularly the molar–ramus area, accounting for over 80% of cases.

🔵 Clinical Features:

Slow-growing but locally invasive

Typically asymptomatic in early stages

Later may present with facial swelling, bony expansion, loosening of teeth, or malocclusion

No pain unless secondarily infected

Large lesions may cause facial deformity
🔵 Radiographic Features:

Multilocular radiolucency is the classic appearance (“soap bubble” or “honeycomb” pattern)

Occasionally appears as unilocular, especially in early stages or unicystic variants

Well-defined borders

May cause root resorption or cortical bone expansion and thinning
🔵 Histopathology:

Ameloblastomas resemble the developing enamel organ histologically. Several patterns exist:

1. Follicular – The most common type, with islands of epithelium showing peripheral palisading columnar cells (resembling ameloblasts) and central stellate reticulum-like cells.

2. Plexiform – Long interconnecting strands of odontogenic epithelium in a loosely arranged stroma.

3. Acanthomatous, Granular cell, Basal cell, and Desmoplastic types – each with unique histologic variations.

The unicystic ameloblastoma appears as a cyst with mural proliferation of ameloblastic epithelium, often seen in younger patients.

🔵 Types/Classifications:

According to the WHO 2022 Classification, ameloblastomas are categorized into:

1. Conventional/Multicystic Ameloblastoma

2. Unicystic Ameloblastoma

3. Peripheral (Extraosseous) Ameloblastoma

4. Metastasizing (Malignant) Ameloblastoma

🔵 Treatment:

Despite its benign nature, ameloblastoma has a high recurrence rate if not treated appropriately.

Conservative treatment (curettage, enucleation) is associated with high recurrence.

Radical surgical resection with at least 1-1.5 cm margin is considered the gold standard, especially for conventional types.

Unicystic ameloblastomas, especially the luminal or intraluminal subtypes, may respond well to conservative surgery
Long-term follow-up (5–10 years) is essential due to the tumor's slow-growing and recurrent nature.
🔵 Prognosis:

Generally good with complete resection

High recurrence in incomplete excisions

Malignant transformation is extremely rare but possible in long-standing or recurrent lesions

11/04/2025

Mandibular Nerve Anatomy ✅
🍀Origin:
Trigeminal ganglion (of Gasser)

🍀Type:
Mixed: motor, sensory and autonomic fibers

🍀Pathway:
Trigeminal ganglion (middle cranial fossa) -> foramen ovale -> infratemporal fossa

🍀Branches:
⭐️Anterior division:
-Nerve to medial pterygoid muscle
-Nerve to tensor veli palatini
-Nerve to tensor tympani
-Masseteric nerve
-Deep temporal nerves
-Nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle
-Buccal nerve

⭐️Posterior division:
-Auriculotemporal nerve
-Lingual nerve
-Inferior alveolar nerve

⭐️Other branches (prior to bifurcation):
-Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
-Branches of mandibular nerve to otic ganglion

🍀Innervation:
⭐️Sensory: Skin of the buccal region, sensory supply to the tongue (anterior ⅔), temporal region;

⭐️Motor: Masticatory muscles, mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle, tensor veli palatini muscle, tensor tympani muscle

05/04/2025

Lingual nerve and Submandibular duct relation ✅