Medicine and Dermatology with Dr.Sayem Sirat

20/05/2026

20/05/2026

03/05/2026

(Very Important) for fcps part 1 dermatology

• “Black eschar = Anthrax”
• “Coral red = Erythrasma”
• “Sulfur granules = Actinomycosis”
• “Rapid tissue destruction = Necrotizing fasciitis (Strep)”
• “Tropical impetigo = Staph aureus”

DR SAYEM SIRAT
Dermatology with Dr.Sayem Sirat

02/05/2026

“Salt and pepper skin” change in dermatology refers to a pattern of mixed hyperpigmented (pepper) and depigmented/hypopigmented (salt) macules, giving a speckled appearance.

Key concept (FCPS high yield)
It is mainly due to melanocyte damage with uneven melanin loss and perifollicular pigmentation retention.

📌 Classic causes (VERY IMPORTANT)
1. Systemic sclerosis (most tested)
Especially diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis
Early inflammatory phase → pigment loss + perifollicular sparing
Gives characteristic salt & pepper pigmentation on trunk and limbs

2. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
Especially chronic lesions
Central depigmentation + peripheral hyperpigmentation
May mimic salt-pepper pattern

3. Other causes (less common exam answers)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (chronic lesions)
Leprosy (treated/inactive patches)
Post-inflammatory pigmentary changes

Dermatology with Dr.Sayem Sirat
DR SAYEM SIRAT

12/04/2026

🔹 VITILIGO📌📌📌📌VVVi for fcps dermatology ***
Vitiligo lesion type? — Depigmented macule
Cell lost in vitiligo? — Melanocyte
Most accepted cause? — Autoimmune
Lesion margin? — Well-defined
Symptoms? — Asymptomatic
🔹 CLINICAL
Most common site? — Face
Acral areas include? — Hands & feet
Hair whitening term? — Leukotrichia
Leukotrichia indicates? — Poor prognosis
Koebner phenomenon? — Trauma-induced lesion
🔹 CLASSIFICATION
Most common type? — Non-segmental
Dermatomal distribution? — Segmental vitiligo
Rapid stabilization? — Segmental vitiligo
Acrofacial involves? — Face + distal extremities
Universal vitiligo? — >80–90% depigmentation
🔹 PATHOLOGY
Epidermal melanocytes? — Absent
Early lesion infiltrate? — Lymphocytes
Melanin pigment? — Absent
Basal layer change? — Loss of pigment
Histology hallmark? — Melanocyte destruction
🔹 ASSOCIATION
Most common association? — Thyroid disease
Autoimmune disease link? — Yes
Diabetes type? — Type 1 DM
Alopecia association? — Alopecia areata
Vitamin deficiency? — B12 deficiency
🔹 DIAGNOSIS
Best clinical tool? — Wood’s lamp
Wood’s lamp finding? — Bright accentuation
Biopsy needed? — Rarely
Clinical diagnosis? — Usually sufficient
Sensation in lesion? — Normal
🔹 PROGNOSIS
Worst prognosis type? — Acral vitiligo
Good prognosis site? — Face
Poor prognosis sign? — Leukotrichia
Long duration effect? — Poor prognosis
Koebner effect? — Poor prognosis
🔹 COURSE
Disease nature? — Chronic
Progression? — Unpredictable
Spontaneous repigmentation? — Rare
Stability in SV? — Early
NSV course? — Relapsing

06/04/2026

and
Skin for FCPS Part-1 Dermatology.
HAIR
1. Middle portion of hair called?
→ Cortex
Hair has 3 layers:
Cuticle (outer)
Cortex (middle)
Medulla (inner)
Cortex contains pigment and keratin → gives strength.
2. Hair shaft part
Hair shaft has 3 parts
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
3. Common cause of alopecia in male?
→ Androgenetic alopecia
Cause: DHT effect on hair follicle → follicular miniaturization.
4. Hairless area of body
→ Palms and soles
Also:
Lips
G***s p***s
L***a minora
5. Moderately keratinized hair part
→ Cortex
Cuticle → Hard keratin
Cortex → Moderate keratin
Medulla → Soft keratin
6. Absence of which called atrichia?
→ Hair (complete absence of hair)
Atrichia = conge***al absence of hair follicles / hair.
7. Visible part of hair?
→ Hair shaft
Hair above skin surface = shaft
Hair inside follicle = root
8. Soft keratin found which part of hair?
→ Medulla
Medulla contains soft keratin + air spaces
9. Hair growth in active phase?
→ Anagen phase
Hair cycle:
Anagen = growth
Catagen = involution
Telogen = resting/shedding
10. Part of hair?
Hair parts:
Shaft
Root
Bulb
Follicle
Dermal papilla
Matrix
11. Hair follicle tumour
Examples:
Trichoepithelioma
Trichofolliculoma
Pilomatricoma
Trichoblastoma
Most common exam answer → Trichoepithelioma
12. 55 years lady, hair fall cause
Most common: → Androgenetic alopecia (female pattern hair loss)
Other causes:
Telogen effluvium
Hypothyroidism
Iron deficiency
But SBA → Female androgenetic alopecia
13. Which hair follicle tumour can be both benign & malignant?
→ Pilomatricoma / Pilomatrix carcinoma
Benign → Pilomatricoma
Malignant → Pilomatrix carcinoma
14. Telogen effluvium is result of early release of
Correct answer → b. Anagen
Explanation: Telogen effluvium = premature conversion of anagen hair → telogen → shedding
So early release from Anagen phase

NAIL
15. Nail bed
Skin under nail plate Function:
Supports nail plate
Provides adherence
Derived from epidermis
16. Nail plate characteristics
Hard keratin
No nuclei
No blood vessels
Transparent
Grows from matrix
Lies on nail bed
17. Nail unit
Nail unit includes:
Nail plate
Nail matrix
Nail bed
Cuticle (eponychium)
Hyponychium
Nail folds
18. Proximal nail plate derived from?
→ Germinal matrix (proximal matrix)
Important exam point:
Proximal matrix → dorsal nail plate
Distal matrix → ventral nail plate
19. Soft tissue around nail called
→ Paronychium
Paronychia = infection of tissue around nail
20. Part of nail
All are nail parts:
Germinal matrix
Lunula
Sterile matrix
21. Nail unit which part resemble volar epidermis (SBA)
→ d. Hyponychium
Hyponychium resembles thick volar skin (palm/sole epidermis)
Very important MCQ.
22. Special feature of finger nail
Important points:
Growth rate faster than toenail
~3 mm/month growth
Transparent plate
Shows systemic disease signs
Nail grows continuously
Hard keratin (sulfur rich)

GLOSSARY (VERY IMPORTANT FOR FCPS)
23. Primary acantholysis found in
→ Pemphigus vulgaris
Primary acantholysis = loss of keratinocyte adhesion.
24. Parakeratosis
Definition: Retention of nuclei in stratum corneum
Seen in:
Psoriasis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Actinic keratosis
25. Orthokeratosis
→ Stratum corneum without nuclei (normal keratinization)
Hyperorthokeratosis = thick stratum corneum without nuclei.
26. Munro microabscess
→ Neutrophil collection in stratum corneum Seen in: Psoriasis
Very very important exam question.
VERY HIGH YIELD FCPS QUICK REVISION TABLE
Topic
Answer
Middle part hair
Cortex

Visible hair
Shaft

Soft keratin
Medulla

Active growth
Anagen

Male alopecia
Androgenetic

Hairless area
Palm & sole

Telogen effluvium
Early anagen release

Proximal nail plate
Germinal matrix

Volar epidermis like
Hyponychium

Primary acantholysis
Pemphigus vulgaris

Parakeratosis
Nuclei in SC

Orthokeratosis
No nuclei SC

Munro abscess
Psoriasis...

Dr.sayem sirat

24/03/2026

Anatomy For fcps part 1 dermatology..
Topic.fibronectin,ground substance, epidermal appendages(apocrine gland)
Book-ashadul skin anatomy by dr moon

16/03/2026

Epidermis📌📌📌
Skin epithelium type?
Ans: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis origin?
Ans: Ectoderm
Main epidermal cell?
Ans: Keratinocyte
Epidermis avascular?
Ans: Yes
Epidermal nutrition source?
Ans: Diffusion from dermis
Basal layer also called?
Ans: Stratum basale
Cell division mainly occurs in?
Ans: Stratum basale
Prickle cell layer?
Ans: Stratum spinosum
Keratohyalin granules present in?
Ans: Stratum granulosum
Clear layer present in?
Ans: Thick skin
Clear layer name?
Ans: Stratum lucidum
Dead keratinized cells form?
Ans: Stratum corneum
Epidermal turnover time?
Ans: ~28 days
Cells responsible for keratin?
Ans: Keratinocytes
Keratinocyte cytoskeleton filament?
Ans: Keratin intermediate filament
Epidermal adhesion junction?
Ans: Desmosome
Epidermis attached to basement membrane via?
Ans: Hemidesmosome
Epidermal barrier formed by?
Ans: Lipid layers
Lamellar bodies present in?
Ans: Stratum granulosum
Melanin produced by?
Ans: Melanocytes
Melanocyte origin?
Ans: Neural crest
Melanosome transferred to?
Ans: Keratinocytes
Langerhans cells function?
Ans: Antigen presentation
Langerhans cell origin?
Ans: Bone marrow
Merkel cells function?
Ans: Touch receptor
Merkel cells associated with?
Ans: Sensory nerve endings
Thick skin location?
Ans: Palm and sole
Thin skin covers?
Ans: Most body surface
Filaggrin function?
Ans: Keratin aggregation
Loricrin present in?
Ans: Cornified envelope
Epidermal lipid barrier prevents?
Ans: Water loss
Keratin types in basal layer?
Ans: Keratin 5 & 14
Keratin types in suprabasal layer?
Ans: Keratin 1 & 10
Epidermal differentiation leads to?
Ans: Keratinization
Melanin protects against?
Ans: UV radiation
Epidermal calcium gradient controls?
Ans: Keratinization
Epidermal immune defense via?
Ans: Langerhans cells
Keratinocytes produce?
Ans: Cytokines
Corneocytes are?
Ans: Dead keratinized cells
Epidermal stem cells located in?
Ans: Basal layer

Dermis 📌📌📌📌
Dermis origin?
Ans: Mesoderm
Dermis main cell?
Ans: Fibroblast
Dermis main fiber?
Ans: Collagen type I
Reticular fibers composed of?
Ans: Collagen type III
Basement membrane collagen?
Ans: Type IV
Papillary dermis tissue type?
Ans: Loose connective tissue
Reticular dermis tissue type?
Ans: Dense irregular connective tissue
Dermal elastic fibers provide?
Ans: Elasticity
Dermal fibroblast function?
Ans: Collagen synthesis
Dermal mast cells release?
Ans: Histamine
Dermal macrophage function?
Ans: Phagocytosis
Plasma cells produce?
Ans: Antibodies
Dermal ground substance contains?
Ans: GAGs
Hyaluronic acid function?
Ans: Water binding
Dermis vascular?
Ans: Yes
Dermis contains?
Ans: Lymphatics
Dermis houses?
Ans: Hair follicles
Dermis houses?
Ans: Sweat glands
Dermis houses?
Ans: Sebaceous glands
Dermal papillae function?
Ans: Increase surface area
Dermal ridges form?
Ans: Fingerprints
Dermal collagen arrangement?
Ans: Irregular
Langer lines represent?
Ans: Skin tension lines
Incisions along Langer lines?
Ans: Heal better
Dermal elastic degeneration called?
Ans: Solar elastosis
Dermis provides?
Ans: Mechanical strength
Dermal fibroblast important for?
Ans: Wound healing
Myofibroblast function?
Ans: Wound contraction
Scar tissue rich in?
Ans: Type I collagen
Dermal edema occurs in?
Ans: Inflammation
Collagen degraded by?
Ans: Collagenase
ECM protein binding integrins?
Ans: Fibronectin
Basal lamina glycoprotein?
Ans: Laminin
Basement membrane stain?
Ans: PAS
Dermis determines?
Ans: Skin thickness
Dermal receptors detect?
Ans: Sensation
Meissner corpuscle detects?
Ans: Touch
Pacinian corpuscle detects?
Ans: Pressure
Ruffini corpuscle detects?
Ans: Stretch
Free nerve endings detect?
Ans: Pain
Skin Appendages (81–110)
Hair follicle origin?
Ans: Epidermis
Hair growth phase?
Ans: Anagen
Hair regression phase?
Ans: Catagen
Hair resting phase?
Ans: Telogen
Hair matrix cells?
Ans: Rapidly dividing cells
Hair pigment produced by?
Ans: Melanocytes
Hair follicle stem cells located in?
Ans: Bulge region
Arrector pili muscle type?
Ans: Smooth muscle
Arrector pili contraction causes?
Ans: Goosebumps
Sebaceous glands secretion type?
Ans: Holocrine
Sebaceous secretion called?
Ans: Sebum
Sebaceous glands absent in?
Ans: Palm and sole
Acne related to?
Ans: Sebaceous blockage
Eccrine sweat gland function?
Ans: Thermoregulation
Eccrine gland distribution?
Ans: Whole body
Apocrine gland location?
Ans: Axilla and ge***al area
Apocrine glands open into?
Ans: Hair follicle
Sweat gland epithelium?
Ans: Simple cuboidal
Sweat gland duct epithelium?
Ans: Stratified cuboidal
Myoepithelial cells function?
Ans: Help secretion
Nails derived from?
Ans: Epidermis
Nail plate composed of?
Ans: Keratin
Nail matrix produces?
Ans: Nail plate
Nail growth rate?
Ans: ~3 mm/month
Hair cortex contains?
Ans: Keratin
Hair cuticle protects?
Ans: Hair shaft
Hair medulla present in?
Ans: Thick hair
Apocrine glands active at?
Ans: Puberty
Eccrine glands active from?
Ans: Birth
Sweat gland secretory coil located in?
Ans: Dermis
Dermatology-Relevant Cell Biology (111–150)
Keratin filament type?
Ans: Intermediate filament
Desmosome adhesion protein?
Ans: Desmoglein
Gap junction protein?
Ans: Connexin
Tight junction proteins?
Ans: Claudin & Occludin
Integrin function?
Ans: Cell-ECM adhesion
Anchoring fibrils composed of?
Ans: Collagen type VII
Pemphigus vulgaris target?
Ans: Desmoglein
Bullous pemphigoid target?
Ans: Hemidesmosome proteins
Epidermolysis bullosa cause?
Ans: Structural protein defect
Melanin synthesis enzyme?
Ans: Tyrosinase
Vitamin D synthesis occurs in?
Ans: Skin
UV radiation damages?
Ans: DNA
Keratinocyte apoptosis mediated by?
Ans: Caspases
Wound healing phases?
Ans: Inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
Fibroblast proliferation important in?
Ans: Healing
Collagen deposition increases in?
Ans: Scar
Excess collagen causes?
Ans: Keloid
Hyaluronic acid binds?
Ans: Water
Dermal hydration maintained by?
Ans: ECM
Epidermal lipid barrier composed of?
Ans: Ceramides
Skin pH?
Ans: Slightly acidic
Acid mantle protects against?
Ans: Bacteria
Keratinocytes produce?
Ans: Antimicrobial peptides
Skin microbiome function?
Ans: Protection
UV exposure increases?
Ans: Melanin production
Photoaging causes?
Ans: Collagen loss
Solar elastosis due to?
Ans: Elastic fiber degeneration
Collagen degradation via?
Ans: MMP enzymes
Fibroblast aging leads to?
Ans: Reduced collagen synthesis
Dermal ECM binds?
Ans: Water
Skin immune surveillance via?
Ans: Langerhans cells
Mast cells involved in?
Ans: Allergy
Dermal macrophages remove?
Ans: Debris
Keratinocyte migration important for?
Ans: Wound healing
Basement membrane regenerates during?
Ans: Healing
Epidermal growth factor stimulates?
Ans: Cell proliferation
Keratinocyte differentiation controlled by?
Ans: Calcium
Epidermal barrier prevents?
Ans: Pathogen entry
Balanced collagen turnover maintains?
Ans: Skin integrity
Skin integrity depends on?
Ans: Collagen and keratin network

16/03/2026

1. Epidermis (Top High-Yield – 1-50)
Skin epithelium = keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis origin = ectoderm
Main epidermal cell = keratinocyte (~90%)
Epidermal layers = 5 layers (thick skin)
Stratum basale contains stem cells
Cells divide mainly in stratum basale
Keratinocytes connected by desmosomes
Epidermis attached to dermis by hemidesmosomes
Epidermal turnover time ≈ 28 days
Keratinocytes produce keratin intermediate filaments
Stratum basale contains melanocytes
Stratum spinosum called prickle cell layer
Desmosomes visible in stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum contains keratohyalin granules
Keratohyalin granules contain filaggrin
Stratum lucidum present only in thick skin
Stratum corneum composed of dead keratinized cells
Epidermis is avascular
Nutrition via diffusion from dermis
Epidermis thickness varies by body site
Thick skin found in palm and sole
Thin skin covers most of body
Melanin protects against UV radiation
Melanin produced by melanocytes
Melanocytes originate from neural crest
Melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes
Langerhans cells function = antigen presentation
Langerhans cells derived from bone marrow
Merkel cells function = touch receptor
Merkel cells associated with sensory nerve endings
Epidermal barrier formed by lipids
Lipids released from lamellar bodies
Lamellar bodies present in stratum granulosum
Epidermal junction proteins = cadherins
Desmosomes contain desmoglein
Gap junction proteins = connexins
Tight junction proteins = claudin, occludin
Basal keratinocytes attached to basement membrane
Basement membrane visible by PAS stain
Epidermal proliferation regulated by growth factors
Keratin 5 and 14 expressed in basal layer
Keratin 1 and 10 expressed in suprabasal layer
Epidermal differentiation leads to keratinization
Cornified envelope formed by loricrin
Epidermal immune function partly by Langerhans cells
Epidermal calcium gradient controls keratinization
Epidermal barrier function prevents water loss
UV radiation stimulates melanin production
Epidermal regeneration occurs continuously
Keratinocytes eventually become corneocytes

2. Dermis (51-100)
Dermis origin = mesoderm
Dermis composed of connective tissue
Two layers of dermis:
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Papillary dermis contains loose connective tissue
Reticular dermis contains dense irregular connective tissue
Main dermal cell = fibroblast
Fibroblast produces collagen and elastin
Major dermal collagen = Type I collagen
Reticular fibers = Type III collagen
Basement membrane collagen = Type IV
Elastic fibers provide skin elasticity
Elastin synthesized as tropoelastin
Dermal ground substance contains GAGs
Hyaluronic acid present in ground substance
Dermis highly vascular
Dermis contains lymphatic vessels
Dermis contains sensory receptors
Free nerve endings detect pain
Meissner corpuscles detect touch
Pacinian corpuscles detect pressure
Ruffini corpuscles detect stretch
Dermis contains hair follicles
Dermis contains sebaceous glands
Dermis contains sweat glands
Dermis contains arrector pili muscle
Dermal mast cells release histamine
Macrophages perform phagocytosis
Plasma cells produce antibodies
Dermal collagen provides tensile strength
Aging decreases collagen and elastin
UV damage leads to solar elastosis
Dermal fibroblasts important in wound healing
Myofibroblasts contribute to wound contraction
Dermis provides structural support
Scar tissue rich in Type I collagen
Dermal papillae increase surface area
Dermal papillae interlock with epidermis
Fingerprints formed by dermal ridges
Dermis determines skin thickness
Collagen fibers arranged irregularly
Skin tension lines called Langer lines
Surgical incision along Langer lines heals better
Dermis contains immune cells
Dermal vascular plexus regulates temperature
Dermal edema occurs in inflammation
Dermal matrix degraded by collagenase
Fibroblast activity controlled by TGF-β
Dermal ECM binds water
Dermal repair slower than epidermis
Dermis responsible for mechanical strength

3. Skin Appendages (101-150)
Hair follicle derived from epidermis
Hair growth cycle phases
Anagen
Catagen
Telogen
Hair matrix cells rapidly divide
Hair pigment from melanocytes
Hair follicle surrounded by dermal sheath
Arrector pili muscle attaches to hair follicle
Arrector pili contraction causes goosebumps
Sebaceous glands produce sebum
Sebaceous glands use holocrine secretion
Sebaceous glands absent in palm and sole
Sebum lubricates skin and hair
Acne associated with sebaceous gland blockage
Eccrine sweat glands function in thermoregulation
Eccrine glands distributed over entire body
Apocrine glands located in
axilla
ge***al area
Apocrine glands open into hair follicle
Sweat gland epithelium = simple cuboidal
Sweat gland duct epithelium = stratified cuboidal
Myoepithelial cells assist sweat secretion
Nails derived from epidermis
Nail plate composed of keratin
Nail matrix produces nail plate
Cuticle protects nail matrix
Hair follicle stem cells located in bulge region
Bulge stem cells important for wound healing
Sebaceous gland secretion stimulated by androgens
Sweat glands regulated by sympathetic nerves
Eccrine sweat mainly watery secretion
Apocrine sweat more protein rich
Sweat gland ducts reabsorb NaCl
Hair cortex contains keratin
Hair medulla present in thick hair
Hair cuticle protects hair shaft
Hair follicle cycles continuously
Dermal papilla controls hair growth
Hair follicle vascular supply via dermal papilla
Hair follicle damage causes alopecia
Sebaceous gland hypertrophy → seborrhea
Sweat glands absent in vermilion border
Sweat secretion increases with heat
Nail growth rate ≈ 3 mm/month
Nail plate transparent
Nail bed vascular
Hair keratin harder than epidermal keratin
Hair follicle immune privilege
Stem cells in follicle regenerate epidermis
Apocrine glands active at puberty
Eccrine glands active at birth
Sweat gland coil located in dermis
Sweat duct passes through epidermis

4. Dermatology-Relevant Cell Biology
Keratin intermediate filaments give mechanical strength
Desmosomes maintain epidermal cohesion
Hemidesmosomes anchor epidermis to basement membrane
Integrins connect cells to ECM
Basal lamina contains laminin
Basement membrane collagen = Type IV
Anchoring fibrils contain Type VII collagen
Bullous diseases involve junction defects
Epidermolysis bullosa due to structural protein defect
Pemphigus vulgaris involves desmoglein antibodies
Bullous pemphigoid involves hemidesmosome antibodies
Keratinocyte apoptosis mediated by caspases
UV radiation damages DNA
DNA repair essential for skin protection
Melanin absorbs UV radiation
Tyrosinase required for melanin synthesis
Vitamin D synthesized in skin
Langerhans cells part of skin immune system
Skin barrier prevents pathogen entry
Epidermal lipid barrier prevents water loss
Keratinocytes produce cytokines
Wound healing phases
inflammation
proliferation
remodeling
Fibroblast proliferation important in healing
Collagen deposition increases in scar
Keloid due to excess collagen
Skin stem cells maintain epidermis
UV increases melanin synthesis
Melanin transferred by melanosomes
Skin immune surveillance via Langerhans cells
Dermal macrophages remove debris
Mast cells trigger allergic reactions
Dermal edema due to vascular permeability
Keratinocyte migration important in wound repair
Basement membrane regeneration occurs in healing
Epidermal growth factor stimulates cell proliferation
Keratinocyte differentiation regulated by calcium
Chronic UV causes photoaging
Solar elastosis = elastic fiber degeneration
Melanin distribution determines skin color
Skin microbiome protects against pathogens
Epidermal lipid barrier composed of ceramides
Corneocytes embedded in lipid matrix
Skin pH slightly acidic
Acid mantle protects against bacteria
Keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides
Dermal ECM maintains hydration
Hyaluronic acid binds large amounts of water
Fibroblast aging decreases collagen synthesis
Collagen degradation via MMP enzymes
Balanced collagen turnover maintains skin integrity

16/03/2026

CELL BIOLOGY
1. Fluid mosaic model proposed by
Ans: Singer and Nicolson
Explanation: Cell membrane structure model (1972).
2. Main phospholipid component of membrane
Ans: Phosphatidylcholine
3. Cholesterol function in membrane
Ans: Maintains membrane fluidity
4. Glycocalyx function
Ans: Cell recognition & protection
5. Organelle responsible for oxidative phosphorylation
Ans: Mitochondria
6. Organelle rich in detoxification enzymes
Ans: Smooth ER
7. Organelle responsible for glycosylation of proteins
Ans: Golgi apparatus
8. Lysosome pH maintained by
Ans: Proton pump
9. Autophagy occurs in
Ans: Lysosomes
10. Organelle for fatty acid oxidation
Ans: Peroxisome
11. Microtubule protein
Ans: Tubulin
12. Microfilament protein
Ans: Actin
13. Intermediate filament protein in epithelium
Ans: Keratin
14. Motor protein of microtubules
Ans: Dynein
15. Kinesin function
Ans: Intracellular transport
16. Cytoskeleton important for
Ans: Cell shape & movement
17. Membrane thickness
Ans: 7–10 nm
18. Passive transport does not require
Ans: Energy
19. Example of facilitated diffusion
Ans: Glucose transport (GLUT)
20. Primary active transport example
Ans: Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump
CELL DIVISION
21. Cell cycle phases
Ans: G1, S, G2, M
22. DNA synthesis occurs in
Ans: S phase
23. Cell growth mainly occurs in
Ans: G1 phase
24. Preparation for mitosis
Ans: G2 phase
25. Chromosome condensation occurs in
Ans: Prophase
26. Nuclear membrane disappears in
Ans: Prometaphase
27. Chromosomes align in
Ans: Metaphase
28. Centromere divides in
Ans: Anaphase
29. Chromosomes decondense in
Ans: Telophase
30. Cytokinesis occurs via
Ans: Actin contractile ring
31. Crossing over occurs in
Ans: Pachytene stage (Prophase I)
32. Meiosis produces
Ans: 4 haploid cells
33. Mitosis produces
Ans: 2 identical diploid cells
34. Checkpoint before DNA replication
Ans: G1 checkpoint
35. Tumor suppressor gene example
Ans: p53
36. Cyclins regulate
Ans: Cell cycle progression
37. Spindle fibers attach to
Ans: Kinetochore
38. Microtubule organizing center
Ans: Centrosome
39. Centrioles duplicate during
Ans: S phase
40. Mitotic spindle disappears in
Ans: Telophase
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
41. Mesenchyme origin
Ans: Mesoderm
42. Most abundant connective tissue cell
Ans: Fibroblast
43. Storage cell of fat
Ans: Adipocyte
44. Phagocytic connective tissue cell
Ans: Macrophage
45. Histamine releasing cell
Ans: Mast cell
46. Antibody producing cell
Ans: Plasma cell
47. Reticular fibers composed of
Ans: Type III collagen
48. Elastic fibers composed of
Ans: Elastin
49. Collagen providing tensile strength
Ans: Type I collagen
50. Dense regular connective tissue example
Ans: Tendon
51. Dense irregular connective tissue example
Ans: Dermis
52. Loose connective tissue example
Ans: Areolar tissue
53. Proteoglycans function
Ans: Bind water in matrix
54. GAG example
Ans: Hyaluronic acid
55. Basement membrane component
Ans: Type IV collagen
56. Reticular lamina produced by
Ans: Fibroblast
57. Basal lamina produced by
Ans: Epithelial cells
58. Fibroblast synthesizes
Ans: Collagen, elastin
59. Scar tissue mainly composed of
Ans: Type I collagen
60. Fetal connective tissue collagen type
Ans: Type III
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
61. Epithelium characteristics
Ans: Avascular
62. Epithelium nutrition from
Ans: Diffusion from connective tissue
63. Polarity of epithelial cells
Ans: Apical, lateral, basal surfaces
64. Apical specialization for absorption
Ans: Microvilli
65. Apical specialization for movement
Ans: Cilia
66. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location
Ans: Skin
67. Non-keratinized stratified squamous location
Ans: Esophagus
68. Simple cuboidal epithelium location
Ans: Kidney tubules
69. Simple columnar epithelium location
Ans: Intestine
70. Transitional epithelium function
Ans: Stretching
71. Pseudostratified epithelium location
Ans: Respiratory tract
72. Goblet cells produce
Ans: Mucin
73. Keratinocytes function
Ans: Keratin production
74. Melanocytes origin
Ans: Neural crest
75. Langerhans cells function
Ans: Antigen presentation
76. Merkel cells function
Ans: Touch receptor
77. Basal layer cells of epidermis
Ans: Stem cells
78. Stratum corneum composed of
Ans: Dead keratinized cells
79. Stratum lucidum present in
Ans: Thick skin
80. Thick skin found in
Ans: Palm & sole
MUSCLE TISSUE
81. Skeletal muscle contraction controlled by
Ans: Somatic nervous system
82. Smooth muscle contraction controlled by
Ans: Autonomic nervous system
83. Cardiac muscle pacemaker
Ans: SA node
84. Functional unit of skeletal muscle
Ans: Sarcomere
85. Thick filament composed of
Ans: Myosin
86. Thin filament composed of
Ans: Actin
87. Troponin binds
Ans: Calcium
88. Tropomyosin function
Ans: Blocks actin binding sites
89. Sliding filament theory describes
Ans: Muscle contraction
90. A band length during contraction
Ans: Remains constant
91. I band during contraction
Ans: Shortens
92. H zone during contraction
Ans: Disappears
93. T-tubules function
Ans: Transmit action potential
94. Sarcoplasmic reticulum function
Ans: Calcium storage
95. Myoglobin function
Ans: Oxygen storage
96. Red muscle fibers contain
Ans: High myoglobin
97. White muscle fibers contain
Ans: Low myoglobin
98. Skeletal muscle regeneration by
Ans: Satellite cells
99. Smooth muscle contraction mechanism
Ans: Calmodulin-MLCK pathway
100. Cardiac muscle junction
Ans: Intercalated disc
101. Gap junction in cardiac muscle allows
Ans: Electrical conduction