03/02/2025
đTopic: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ -
đ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ (Chronic) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ (progressive) āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏāĻāύāĻŋāϤ āϰā§āĻ, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ (airflow obstruction) āĻĢāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ Chronic Bronchitis āĻ Emphysema āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤
ā§§. Causes of COPD-
COPD āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϧā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻāϤ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāύāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
â āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāϏāĻŽā§āĻš:
âĒī¸Smoking: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āϧā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ COPD-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤
âĒī¸Air Pollution: āϧā§āϞāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋ, āϧā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĨ¤
âĒī¸Occupational Exposure: āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž, āϤā§āϞāĻž, āϧāĻžāϤāĻŦ āĻ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āϧā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļāĨ¤
âĒī¸Genetic Factors: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠COPD āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤
⧍. Symptoms of COPD-
COPD-āĻāϰ āϞāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϧā§āϰ⧠āϧā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
â āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āϞāĻā§āώāĻŖ:
â āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ (Chronic cough)
â āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻĢ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ (Excess mucus production)
â āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻāώā§āĻ (Dyspnea), āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ
â āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻž
â āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϞāĻā§āώāĻŖ:
â āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
â āĻ āĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
â āĻ ā§āĻāĻ āĻ āύāĻ āύā§āϞāĻā§ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž (Cyanosis)
â āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž
â āĻāύ āĻāύ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻāώā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻŽā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž
ā§Š. Types of COPD-
COPD āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĻā§āĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧâ
i. Chronic Bronchitis
⥠āĻŦā§āϰāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āϰ (bronchial tubes) āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻāύāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻāĻĢ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
⥠āϞāĻā§āώāĻŖ: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ, āĻāĻĢā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāύāĨ¤
ii. Emphysema
⥠āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏā§āϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻĨāϞāĻŋāĻā§āϞ⧠(alveoli) āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻāϤāĻž āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤
⥠āϞāĻā§āώāĻŖ: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻāώā§āĻ, āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāώā§āĻ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
ā§Ē. Diagnosis of COPD-
âĒī¸Spirometry: āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤
âĒī¸Chest X-ray & CT Scan: āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤
âĒī¸Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test: āϰāĻā§āϤ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤
âĒī¸Pulse Oximetry: āϰāĻā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āϞā§āĻā§āϞ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤
ā§Ģ. Treatment of COPD-
COPD āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āϞāĻā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
i. Lifestyle Modification:
â āϧā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž: āĻāĻāĻŋ COPD āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒāĨ¤
â āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻāϤ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§: āϧā§āϞāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻ āϧā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞāĻžāĨ¤
â āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ: āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
â āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ: āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāύāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
ii. Medications:
â Bronchodilators: āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (āϝā§āĻŽāύâ Salbutamol, Ipratropium)āĨ¤
â Inhaled Corticosteroids: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (āϝā§āĻŽāύâ Budesonide, Fluticasone)āĨ¤
â Mucolytics: āĻāĻĢ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â Oxygen Therapy: āϰāĻā§āϤ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻāĻŽā§ āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
iii. Surgical Treatment:
āĻā§āϰā§āϤāϰ COPD āϰā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§â
â Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS)
â Lung Transplantation
ā§Ŧ. Prevention of COPD-
â āϧā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§
â āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖāĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ
â āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
â āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ (Flu Vaccine, Pneumococcal Vaccine)
āϧāύā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ đ