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MediLab BD, Rajshahi (2026)

06/11/2025

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Test
1. Objective
The objective of the test was to measure the total capacity of serum transferrin to bind iron, which helped assess iron status and diagnose iron deficiency or iron overload.
2. Principle
The principle was based on the binding of excess iron to transferrin in the serum, followed by measurement of unbound iron after addition of a colorimetric reagent. The difference between added iron and unbound iron reflected the TIBC.
3. Materials
• Patient serum
• Ferrous iron solution
• Chromogen or color reagent (e.g., ferrozine)
• Standard iron solution
• Spectrophotometer or colorimeter
• Test tubes, pipettes, and cuvettes
4. Procedure (Lab Method)
1. Blood was collected and serum was separated by centrifugation.
2. A known excess amount of iron was added to the serum to saturate transferrin.
3. After incubation, unbound iron was removed or precipitated.
4. The remaining bound iron was measured using a colorimetric reagent.
5. TIBC was calculated using the formula:
TIBC=Serum Iron+Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC)\text{TIBC} = \text{Serum Iron} + \text{Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC)}TIBC=Serum Iron+Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC)
5. Result
• Normal range (serum): 250–450 µg/dL
• Low TIBC: Seen in chronic infections, liver disease, or malnutrition
• High TIBC: Seen in iron deficiency anemia
6. Uses
• To evaluate iron status in patients with anemia.
• To distinguish iron deficiency anemia from anemia of chronic disease.
• To monitor iron therapy.
7. Consultation
Patients were advised to consult a physician for interpretation of abnormal TIBC results and for further evaluation and treatment based on underlying conditions.

28/10/2025

Blood Film for Malarial Parasites (MP test)

1. Objective:

The objective of this test was to detect the presence of malarial parasites in the blood to confirm malaria infection and identify the species of Plasmodium.

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2. Principle:

The test was based on microscopic examination of stained blood films. The parasites of Plasmodium species were identified by their morphology and staining characteristics inside red blood cells on thick and thin blood smears.

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3. Materials:

Sterile lancet or syringe

Clean glass slides

Microscope

Giemsa or Leishman stain

Methanol (for fixing thin smear)

Immersion oil

Cotton, antiseptic, and gloves

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4. Procedure (Microscopic):

1. A small drop of capillary or venous blood was collected.

2. Two smears were prepared — one thick film and one thin film.

3. The smears were air-dried completely.

4. The thin smear was fixed with methanol; the thick smear was left unfixed.

5. Both smears were stained with Giemsa stain for about 30 minutes.

6. The slides were gently washed with clean water and air-dried.

7. The stained films were examined under the microscope using an oil immersion lens (100x).

8. The presence, species, and developmental stages of Plasmodium (trophozoites, schizonts, gametocytes) were noted.

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5. Result:

Positive: Malarial parasites were seen inside the red blood cells or in the thick smear background.

Negative: No parasites were detected after examining at least 100 fields under oil immersion.

Common species identified:

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium ovale

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6. Uses:

It was used to diagnose malaria infection.

It helped to identify the Plasmodium species.

It was useful for monitoring response to antimalarial treatment.

It helped in epidemiological surveys in malaria-endemic areas.

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7. Consultation:

If the test was positive, the patient was advised to consult a physician for proper antimalarial treatment. If the test was negative but symptoms continued, repeat testing was recommended after 12–24 hours.

25/10/2025

F***l Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to detect the presence of hidden (occult) blood in the stool, which could indicate gastrointestinal bleeding or diseases such as ulcers or colorectal cancer.
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2. Principle:
The principle of the FOBT was based on the peroxidase activity of hemoglobin, which causes a color change in the presence of a chemical reagent. The guaiac-based method or immunochemical methods were commonly used to detect trace amounts of blood in f***s.
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3. Materials:
• Stool sample (fresh or preserved)
• FOBT test kit (guaiac paper or immunochemical test card)
• Wooden applicator or stick
• Gloves
• Developer solution (for guaiac method)
• Timer
• Clean container for stool collection
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4. Procedure:
1. The stool sample was collected in a clean container without contamination from urine or water.
2. A small portion of the stool was applied to the test card or guaiac paper using a wooden applicator.
3. The sample was allowed to dry completely.
4. A few drops of developer solution were added to the test area (for guaiac method).
5. The reaction was observed for color change within a few minutes.
o Blue color: Positive (occult blood present)
o No color change: Negative (no occult blood detected)
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5. Result:
The test result indicated whether occult blood was present in the stool.
(Example result: Negative, indicating no detectable blood in the stool.)
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6. Uses:
• It was used as a screening tool for colorectal cancer.
• It helped to detect ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, or polyps.
• It was used to monitor patients with known gastrointestinal disorders.
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7. Consultation:
If the FOBT result was positive, the patient was advised to consult a gastroenterologist for further investigation, s

24/10/2025

VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) Test
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to detect non-treponemal antibodies (reagin antibodies) in the blood that were produced in response to infection with Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis.
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2. Principle:
The test was based on the flocculation reaction between antibodies in the patient’s serum and a cardiolipin–lecithin–cholesterol antigen. When the antigen and antibody combined, visible clumping (flocculation) occurred, indicating a positive reaction.
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3. Materials:
• Patient’s serum sample
• VDRL antigen suspension
• VDRL test cards (black background)
• Mechanical rotator
• Pipettes and droppers
• Microscope
• Controls (positive and negative)
• Gloves and lab coat
________________________________________
4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. The patient’s serum was separated and heat-inactivated at 56°C for 30 minutes.
2. One drop of serum was placed on a VDRL test card.
3. One drop of VDRL antigen suspension was added to the same spot.
4. The card was rotated mechanically for 4 minutes at 180 rpm.
5. The reaction was observed under a low-power microscope for flocculation.
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5. Result:
• Reactive (Positive): Visible clumping (flocculation) indicated the presence of antibodies — suggesting a syphilis infection.
• Non-reactive (Negative): No clumping observed, meaning no antibodies were detected.
• Weakly Reactive: Slight or fine clumping — could indicate early or treated infection.
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6. Uses:
• It was used for screening and diagnosis of syphilis.
• It helped in monitoring treatment response.
• It was also used for screening blood donors and pregnant women.
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7. Consultation:
If the test was reactive, the patient was advised to consult a physician or venereologist for confirmation with a specific treponemal test (like TPHA or FTA-ABS) and to start appropriate treatment.

11/10/2025

Plasma Test
1. Objective:
The objective of the plasma test was to analyze the liquid component of blood (plasma) for various substances such as proteins, glucose, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes.
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2. Principle:
Plasma was obtained by centrifuging anticoagulated blood, which separated blood cells from the fluid. The plasma contained clotting factors and was used for many biochemical and hematological tests.
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3. Materials:
• Blood collection tube with anticoagulant (EDTA, heparin, or citrate)
• Centrifuge machine
• Pipette
• Test tubes
• Gloves and lab coat
________________________________________
4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. Blood was collected in an anticoagulant tube.
2. The sample was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes.
3. The upper yellowish layer (plasma) was separated using a pipette.
4. The plasma was used for further tests like glucose, urea, or protein estimation.
5. Under the microscope, plasma appeared as a clear fluid with no visible cells.
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5. Result:
• Normal plasma: Clear, pale yellow.
• Abnormal plasma: Cloudy or reddish (due to lipemia or hemolysis).
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6. Uses:
• To test blood glucose, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, and hormones.
• For coagulation studies (PT, aPTT, fibrinogen).
• For plasma protein analysis.
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7. Consultation:
Abnormal plasma results required consultation with a physician or specialist to identify possible metabolic, liver, or kidney disorders.

06/10/2025

HbA1c Test (Glycated Hemoglobin Test)
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to measure the percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the blood to assess the average blood glucose level over the previous two to three months.
2. Principle:
The test was based on the principle that glucose binds irreversibly to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The amount of HbA1c formed was directly proportional to the average blood glucose concentration. The test used either chromatographic, immunoassay, or enzymatic methods for detection.
3. Materials:
• EDTA anticoagulated whole blood sample
• HbA1c analyzer or test kit
• Micropipette and tips
• Buffer reagent
• Gloves and alcohol swabs
• Test tubes and racks
4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. Whole blood was collected in an EDTA tube.
2. A fixed volume of blood was added to the reagent or cartridge supplied with the HbA1c kit.
3. The sample was mixed gently and loaded into the analyzer or allowed to react for the required time (as per kit instruction).
4. The result was displayed digitally or observed colorimetrically.
5. For microscopic examination, stained RBCs were observed to confirm red cell morphology (if needed for differential analysis).
5. Result:
• Normal: HbA1c level was between 4.0–5.6%.
• Prediabetic: HbA1c level was between 5.7–6.4%.
• Diabetic: HbA1c level was 6.5% or higher.
6. Uses:
• It was used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus.
• It helped evaluate long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients.
• It was useful to adjust or monitor diabetes treatment effectiveness.
7. Consultation:
Patients with elevated HbA1c levels were advised to consult an endocrinologist or diabetologist. Dietary control, lifestyle modification, and medication adjustment were recommended depending on the results.

06/10/2025

Semen Analysis Test
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to evaluate the quality and quantity of semen to assess male fertility potential. It determined s***m count, motility, morphology, and overall seminal fluid characteristics.
2. Principle:
The test was based on the microscopic examination of semen to measure parameters such as s***m concentration, motility, and morphology. The evaluation followed WHO guidelines, where the semen sample was observed under the microscope to determine s***m health and fertility status.
3. Materials:
• Fresh semen sample (collected in sterile container)
• Microscope and slides
• Coverslips
• Graduated pipette
• Neubauer counting chamber (hemocytometer)
• Staining reagents (Eosin-Nigrosin or Papanicolaou stain)
• Gloves and disinfectant
4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. The semen sample was collected after 3–5 days of abstinence and allowed to liquefy for 30 minutes at room temperature.
2. The physical characteristics (volume, color, viscosity, and pH) were noted.
3. A drop of semen was placed on a clean slide, covered with a coverslip, and examined under low and high power for motility and morphology.
4. For s***m count, the sample was diluted and loaded into a Neubauer counting chamber, and s***m cells were counted under the microscope.
5. A stained smear was prepared for morphological assessment.
5. Result:
• Normal: Volume 2–6 mL, s***m count >15 million/mL, motility >40%, normal morphology >4%, and pH 7.2–8.0.
• Abnormal: Low s***m count (oligos***mia), no s***m (azoos***mia), low motility (asthenozoos***mia), or abnormal morphology (teratozoos***mia).
6. Uses:
• It was used to evaluate male infertility.
• It helped monitor s***m recovery after treatment.
• It aided in assessing the effects of hormonal or testicular disorders.
7. Consultation:
Men with abnormal semen parameters were advised to consult a urologist or fertility specialist. Further investigations like hormonal analysis, ultrasound, or genetic tests were recommended depending on findings.

06/10/2025

PBF Test (Peripheral Blood Film Test)
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to examine the morphology of blood cells to help diagnose various hematological disorders such as anemia, leukemia, malaria, and other blood infections.
2. Principle:
The test was based on the microscopic examination of a stained blood smear. When the thin film of blood was stained with Leishman’s or Giemsa stain, different blood cell components took up distinct colors, allowing identification and evaluation under the microscope.
3. Materials:
• Fresh blood sample (EDTA tube)
• Microscope slides and cover slips
• Leishman’s or Giemsa stain
• Distilled water or buffer solution
• Immersion oil
• Microscope
• Gloves and disinfectant
4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. A drop of blood was placed near one end of a clean slide.
2. Using another slide as a spreader, the blood was spread to form a thin film.
3. The smear was air-dried and fixed with methanol.
4. The fixed smear was stained with Leishman’s stain for 10–15 minutes.
5. The slide was washed gently with distilled water and dried.
6. The smear was examined under low power and oil immersion (100x) for red cells, white cells, and platelets.
5. Result:
• Normal film showed normocytic, normochromic RBCs, normal WBC count with differential cells, and adequate platelets.
• Abnormal films showed variations such as microcytic or macrocytic RBCs, presence of parasites (like Plasmodium), immature WBCs, or platelet abnormalities.
6. Uses:
• It was used to diagnose anemia and classify its type.
• It helped detect infections like malaria, filariasis, and leukemia.
• It provided information about overall blood health and bone marrow activity.
7. Consultation:
Patients with abnormal findings were advised to consult a hematologist. Additional tests like CBC, bone marrow examination, or specific infection tests were recommended depending on the observed abnormalities.

06/10/2025

AFP Test (Alpha-Fetoprotein Test)
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to measure the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the patient’s blood to help detect liver cancer, germ cell tumors, or monitor liver disease.
2. Principle:
The test was based on the immunoassay principle. AFP in the patient’s serum reacted with specific anti-AFP antibodies coated on the test device. The antigen-antibody reaction produced a visible colored line that indicated the presence of AFP in the sample.
3. Materials:
• Patient’s serum sample
• AFP rapid test cassette
• Buffer solution
• Micropipette and tips
• Disposable gloves
• Test tube and rack
4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. A blood sample was collected and serum was separated.
2. The test device was placed on a clean, flat surface.
3. A few drops of serum were added to the sample well using a pipette.
4. Two drops of buffer solution were added.
5. The result was allowed to develop for 15–20 minutes.
6. The colored lines on the test strip were observed under light or microscopically for faint reactions.
5. Result:
• Positive: Two red lines appeared (one in the control “C” region and one in the test “T” region).
• Negative: Only one red line appeared in the control region.
• Invalid: No line appeared or only a test line appeared without a control line.
6. Uses:
• It was used to detect liver cancer (especially hepatocellular carcinoma).
• It helped monitor treatment response or recurrence in liver cancer patients.
• It was useful in diagnosing germ cell tumors and certain fetal conditions during pregnancy.
7. Consultation:
Patients with elevated AFP levels were advised to consult a gastroenterologist or oncologist. Additional diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or biopsy were recommended to confirm the source of increased AFP.

03/10/2025

Nature

03/10/2025

By : MediLab BD

30/09/2025

AFB (Acid-Fast Bacillus) Test
1. Objective
The objective of the AFB test was to detect the presence of acid-fast bacilli, mainly Mycobacterium species, in clinical specimens such as sputum.
2. Principle
The principle was based on the property of mycobacteria to retain the primary stain (carbol fuchsin) even after treatment with an acid-alcohol decolorizer. This occurred due to the high lipid (mycolic acid) content in their cell walls. Non–acid-fast organisms lost the stain and were counterstained with methylene blue.
3. Materials
• Microscope slides
• Inoculating loop
• Bunsen burner
• Ziehl-Neelsen staining reagents (Carbol fuchsin, Acid-alcohol, Methylene blue)
• Immersion oil
• Light microscope with oil immersion lens
• Sputum or other clinical specimens
4. Procedure (Microscopic)
1. A thin smear of the specimen was prepared on a clean slide and allowed to air-dry.
2. The smear was heat-fixed by passing the slide gently over a flame.
3. Carbol fuchsin stain was applied to the smear, and the slide was heated until steam rose, then left for several minutes.
4. The slide was rinsed with water.
5. Acid-alcohol was applied to decolorize the smear, then rinsed with water.
6. Methylene blue was used as the counterstain, followed by rinsing and air-drying.
7. The smear was examined under the oil immersion objective of the microscope.
5. Result
• Acid-fast bacilli appeared as bright red rods against a blue background.
• Non–acid-fast organisms appeared blue.
6. Uses
• It was used mainly for the diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• It also detected other acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium leprae and Nocardia.
7. Conclusion
The AFB test was an important microscopic diagnostic tool for identifying acid-fast bacteria. It provided a rapid and reliable method to detect tuberculosis and related infections in clinical samples.

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06/11/2025

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