Tina's Health and Wellness Blog

17/08/2025

Peptic ulcers are sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). The main causes include:
- *Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection*: A bacterial infection that can damage the stomach lining and increase acid production.
- *Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)*: Long-term use of NSAIDs, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of ulcers.
- *Excessive acid production*: Conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can cause the stomach to produce too much acid, leading to ulcers.
- *Stress and lifestyle factors*: Stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption may contribute to the development of peptic ulcers.
- *Other factors*: Certain medical conditions, such as Crohn's disease or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, can also increase the risk of developing peptic ulcers.

Symptoms may include:
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Bloating

15/08/2025

Conjoined twins are physically connected twins who share skin and internal organs, resulting from an incomplete separation of a single fertilized egg during early development. This rare condition occurs in about 1 in every 50,000 to 60,000 births.

Types of Conjoined Twins
- Thoracopagus
Joined at the chest, often sharing vital organs like the heart and liver

- Omphalopagus
Connected at the abdomen, sharing organs like the liver and intestines

- Pygopagus
Joined at the buttocks and lower spine, possibly sharing the spinal cord and lower digestive organs

- Craniopagus
Joined at the skull, potentially sharing brain tissue and blood vessels

- Ischiopagus
Connected at the pelvis, possibly sharing the lower gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary organs

Causes and Risk Factors
Conjoined twins occur when a single fertilized egg fails to separate entirely during early development. Genetic and environmental factors may play a role, but the exact cause remains largely unknown.

Symptoms and Complications
- Shared vital organs complicating survival
- Physical limitations and mobility issues
- Increased risk of infections
- Potential for parasitic twinning, where one twin is underdeveloped and dependent on the other
- Long-term health challenges, such as organ dysfunction or mobility limitations

Treatment and Management
- Prenatal diagnosis
Ultrasound and MRI scans can detect conjoined twins during pregnancy

- Delivery
Conjoined twins are typically delivered via cesarean section

- Separation surgery
A complex and risky procedure, often performed 2-4 months after birth, depending on the type and extent of connection

- Post-surgical care
Critical for recovery and long-term health, including monitoring for complications and physical rehabilitation

Living with Conjoined Twins
- Each twin has their own distinct personality and interests
- Daily life requires coordination, communication, and cooperation
- Regular medical check-ups and physical therapy are essential for m

15/07/2025

"A banana through the lens of medical imaging!
This creative visual shows how different diagnostic tools visualize the same object:
Top Left: The banana in normal visible light - what our eyes see.
Top Right (X-RAY): Captures dense structures; mostly shows the banana's outer shape.
Bottom Left (MRI): Reveals soft tissue details using magnetic fields - you can see the internal texture and fibrous structure inside the banana.
Bottom Right (CT): Uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sections - displays inner density variations and even tiny internal differences in pulp distribution.
Perfect for understanding how each scan works in real diagnostics!"

15/07/2025

Different Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Reduced Blood Flow in Vessels:
A) Thrombosis – clot formation in the vessel
B) Embolism – blockage by a traveling clot or debris
C) Spasm – sudden vessel narrowing
D) Atheroma – fatty plaque build-up
E) Compression – external pressure on the vessel
F) Vasculitis – vessel wall inflammation
G) Steal – diversion of blood flow
H) Hyperviscosity – thickened blood consistency

10/07/2025

08/04/2024

Cranial nerves mnemonics

19/02/2024

The heart is a vital organ which pumps blood through the body, and is part of our body's circulatory system. It is made up of muscles and the heart muscle is special because of what it does.
The reason our heart survives outside is because it is not regulated by the brain. That is our heart does not need a brain, or body to keep beating. It is known that our brain determines how slow or fast our heart rate is, but it doesn’t actually control the heart beat. Everything needed to make the heart work is right within the heart itself. Heart is controlled by the muscles which are present in its structure that regulate the contraction and relaxation.
Heart contains AV and SA nodes, these nodes regulate its normal activity. The heart has its own electrical system that makes it to beat and to pump blood. Heartbeats are sparked by our own natural pacemaker which is found within the heart. Without this, our brain would have to send signals to the heart to trigger every beat. Instead, electrical impulses in our heart are triggered by the SA node or sinoatrial node. These impulses travel along the walls of our right and left atrium. Stimulating the top part of our heart to contract which, in turn, pumps the blood to ventricles. The SA node still sends impulses throughout the organ, even after our heart is disconnected from our body, allowing it to pump. Because of this, the heart continues to beat for a short time even after brain death, or after being removed from the body. As long as it has oxygen, the heart will keep beating. This continues, about 3 to 5 minutes, until the cells run out of energy.

25/01/2024

Check this out
reproductive system #
's Health and Wellness blog

29/11/2023

29/11/2023

Menstruation is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the va**na. The menstrual cycle is characterized by the rise and fall of hormones.The menstrual cycle has four phases: menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.