16/08/2023
Ingrown toenails are a common condition that can occur at any age but are particularly prevalent in the elderly population. During the aging process, changes occur affecting the structure of both feet and nails, these changes can increase the likelihood of developing ingrown toenails which can be managed in many cases by analysing footwear and lifestyle choices, correcting as necessary with help and advice.
Presentations of greater magnitude may be tackled utilising padding in conjunction with offloading and repositioning strategies.
If the above conservative treatment plans fail then more aggressive corrective techniques may be indicated, this can be discussed with the patient and a plan formulated.
The most common causes of ingrown toenails in elderly patients are natural thickening and involution (horse shoe shape) of the nails, in addition elderly nails become brittle in composition making them prone to breaking and leaving sharp irregular shaped edges and corners on the remaining portion, these residual serrations coupled with loss of elasticity in the skin of the toe tip area can further increase the likelihood of an ingrown toenail occurring.
Poor foot hygiene can contribute where such Individuals may have difficulty reaching their feet to properly clean and dry them, creating a bacteria/fungus rich environment increasing the risk of infection should the Ingrowing nail cut through the skin creating a portal of entry for foreign bodies.
Wearing tight shoes or socks can also contribute with localised pressure on the toes increasing the likelihood of an involuted nail puncturing the skin. Medical pressure stockings in particular are often responsible for this situation and the exacerbation of interdigital corns.
I will stress that the therapeutic benefits of pressure stockings improving blood flow/venous return and the prevention of thrombotic events are without question and should not be discontinued without consensus from all members of the care chain should a conclusion that a detrimental affect on overall foot health has occurred.
Certain medical conditions are likely contributory to ingrown toenails:
Diabetes can cause nerve damage and poor circulation in the feet which can increase infection prevalence, reducing wound healing capacity rendering the patient ignorant of pain and the resultant consequences should peripheral neuropathy limit the ability to perceive sensation.
Arthritis causing deformities with resultant lateral pressure or even direct pressure on the tips of the toes should they hammer/mallet/abduct sculpting the nails as they grow. Greatly misshapen nails as described are more likely to become ingrown or even slice into the flesh of neighbouring toes.
Finally, improper trimming techniques can also contribute to the development of ingrown toenails, those individuals unable to see clearly or reach their feet without straining may rush the task or those cutting to maximize time before having to repeat the process creating a particularly short asymmetric leading edge now situated in the soft tissue of the nail bed with resultant trauma as nails regrow.
In conclusion ingrown toenails can be a potentially serious problem which should be acted upon quickly to avoid painful complications.
Martin Hearne
MCFHP MAFHP