05/12/2025
– As we approach Christmas, our Medieval ancestors would have been following the tradition of fasting in the run up to the Great Feast on the 25th December. Fasting tempered the body, spirit and allowed the mind to concentrate on God. The fasting forbids the eating of flesh, so fish was usually eaten as an alternative. When fresh fish was unavailable due to poor weather or thick ice, the not so popular, dried fish was consumed. Strangely, Barnacle Geese could be eaten because they were not 'flesh' but classified as 'fish!' In the 11th Century, Exeter Book of Riddles, they describe a creature that started life under water and took flight when they are mature enough. Some historians think this idea may have started in Ancient Greece. The 12th Century, manuscript, 'Topographia Hibernica’ written by Gerald of Wales, Royal Clerk to King Henry II explains how the bird comes into being. He had recently returned from Ireland with Prince John, Lord of Ireland. Gerald says '.… nature produces them in a marvellous way for they are born at first in gum-like form from fir-wood adrift in the sea. Then they cling by their beaks like sea-wood, sticking to wood, enclosed in a shell-fish shells for freer development … thus in the process of time dressed in a firm clothing of feathers, they either fall into the waters or fly off into freedom of the air…..I have seen them with my own eyes, more than a thousand of these tiny little bodies, hanging from a piece of wood on the sea-shore when enclosed in their shells and fully formed. In some parts of Ireland bishops and men of religion make no scruple of eating these birds on fasting days as not being flesh’. Early Medieval Bestiaries or religious texts pertaining to beasts, often mixed myth and reality together. They often explained how some animals were created or got their name, this would fuel these stories for many years. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250), was a learned ornithologist who wrote ‘De Arte Venandi cm Avibus’ (On the Art of Hunting With Birds) in 1241. He did not agree with the writings of Gerald as he had not made any link between the shell like petrusions and birds. Fredderick says ‘…... There is however a curious popular tradition that they spring from dead trees. It is said that in the far north old ships are found in whose rotting hulls a worm is born that develops into the barnacle goose. This goose hangs from dead wood by its beak until it is old and strong enough to fly. We have made prolonged research into the origin and truth of this legend and even sent special envoys to the north with order to bring back specimens of these mythical timbers for our inspection. When we examined them we did observe shell-like formations clinging to the rotten wood, but these bore no resemblance to any avian body. We therefor doubt the truth of this legend in the absence of corroborative evidence. In our opinion this superstition arose from the fact that barnacle geese breed in such remote latitudes that men in ignorance of their real nesting places invented this explanation.’ Where these Geese went in the Summer months was not known for many years. Lengthy discussions were made within the Church and Pope Innocent III in 1215 prohibited the eating of Barnacle Geese during fasting periods like the run up to Christmas. However, to some they were still consumed as fish up to the 18th Century. It is worth noting that Goose was a popular bird at Christmas time in the past. Turkey arrived in Britain in the 16th Century, however it was still not very popular until the 1970s.