Clinical Biochemistry

28/11/2025

🎓 Ph.D. Admission Open — Winter Session 2025 (Last 2 days Left)
Department of Biotechnology, Nagaland University (Kohima Campus)
Are you passionate about cutting-edge research and ready to advance your scientific career? The Department of , School of Engineering & Technology, Nagaland University, is now accepting applications for the .D. Programme (Winter Session 2025). This is an excellent opportunity to join a vibrant research community dedicated to innovation, interdisciplinary science, and impactful discoveries.
🔬 Our Major Research Areas Include:
• — Explore metabolic pathways and systems biology approaches
• — Study molecular communication and regulatory networks
• — Work on microbes, host-pathogen interactions & applied microbiology
• & — Develop next-gen therapeutics and delivery systems
• & — Investigate cellular mechanisms and gene regulation
• — Identify bioactive compounds from diverse plant species
📅 Important Dates:
🔹 Online Application Opens: 8th November 2025
🔹 Last Date for Submission: 30th November 2025
⏳ The deadline is fast approaching—students interested in pursuing high-quality doctoral research are encouraged to apply at the earliest!
🔗 Apply Online:
👉 https://nagalanduniversity.ac.in/English/admwinter2025
🔗 Visit the Department Website:
👉 https://kohima.nagalanduniversity.ac.in/biotech
Join us at Nagaland University, where you will engage with experienced faculty, state-of-the-art laboratory facilities, and impactful research opportunities that shape the future of biotechnology. Take the next step in your research journey and become part of a dynamic scientific community committed to and . 🧬

Nagaland University Kohima Campus

27/10/2025

🚨 Cloned vs Predatory Journals: A Guide for Researchers 🚨

In the race to publish, many researchers fall prey to fake or misleading journals that exploit the academic publishing system.
But do you know the difference between a Predatory Journal and a Cloned (Hijacked) Journal? 🤔

Here’s a quick overview 👇

🔹 Predatory Journals

Charge publication fees without providing genuine peer review

Promise “fast publication” or “guaranteed acceptance”

Often fake impact factors and indexing claims

Prioritize profit over research quality

🔹 Cloned (Hijacked) Journals

Impersonate authentic, reputed journals

Use similar names, ISSNs, and websites to trick authors

Target even experienced researchers

Can lead to your work being lost or discredited

📌 Why It Matters

Publishing in such journals harms your reputation

Your paper may never reach legitimate databases

Research integrity and citation credibility are compromised

✅ How to Stay Safe

Verify the journal’s website and ISSN on official sources (like DOAJ or Scopus)

Check for clear peer review and editorial transparency

Avoid unsolicited publication invitations

Always cross-check journal details before submission

📖 Read the full article here for detailed guidance:
👉

In the world of academic publishing, journals play a critical role in disseminating knowledge, shaping careers, and influencing global res...

26/10/2025

🔍 Understanding the Types of Peer Review in Academic Publishing
Peer review is the backbone of credible research — but did you know there are different kinds of peer review, each with its own goals, benefits, and challenges?
In my latest blog, I’ve explored seven major types of peer review, including single-blind, double-blind, triple-blind, open, post-publication, third-party, and transferable review systems — and how each impacts fairness, transparency, and research quality in academic publishing.
👉 Read the full article here:
🔗 https://prabhakarpk.blogspot.com/2025/10/types-of-peer-review-understanding-how.html
📘 Key Highlights:
✅ How anonymity affects reviewer bias and fairness
✅ The growing movement toward open and post-publication review
✅ Why transparency and accountability are reshaping research culture
✅ The pros and cons of modern peer review systems
Whether you’re an author, reviewer, editor, or researcher, this article offers valuable insights into how peer review continues to evolve — strengthening the credibility of scholarly publishing worldwide.
💬 What’s your take — should peer review be open or anonymous?

Types of Peer Review: Understanding How Research Gets Validated Peer review is one of the most essential parts of the academic publishing...

24/10/2025

🚨 Understanding All Types of Diabetes – Beyond Just Type 1 & Type 2 🩸

Diabetes isn’t a single condition — it’s a spectrum of disorders with different causes, mechanisms, and management approaches. From autoimmune to genetic to hormonal origins, every type tells a unique story.

🔗 Read the full blog here:
👉 https://prabhakarpk.blogspot.com/2025/10/understanding-all-types-of-diabetes.html

In this article, I’ve explained in detail:
✅ Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (autoimmune)
✅ Type 1.5 / LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)
✅ Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (insulin resistance)
✅ Type 3 Diabetes (Alzheimer’s–linked brain insulin resistance)
✅ Gestational Diabetes
✅ Monogenic Diabetes (MODY, Neonatal)
✅ Secondary Diabetes (disease / drug-induced)
✅ Diabetes Insipidus (water-balance disorder)
✅ Bronze Diabetes (hemochromatosis-related)

💡 Why it matters:
Understanding which type of diabetes is being diagnosed helps guide the right treatment, improve outcomes, and prevent complications. Knowledge truly is power when it comes to health.

Let’s spread awareness — not just about diabetes management, but also about early detection, prevention, and holistic wellbeing.

👇 Join the conversation & share this post to raise awareness.

🔖 Trending Hashtags for Maximum Reach

🩸 Understanding All Types of Diabetes: From Type 1 to Type 3 and Beyond Diabetes is one of the most significant metabolic disorders of o...

01/10/2025

Follow the page and post your comments and queries
https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122101481769044454&set=a.122101273011044454

Q: Under aerobic conditions, complete oxidation of 1 glucose (glycolysis + TCA + ETC) yields ~30–32 ATP. Out of this, glycolysis alone contributes:
Answer: a) 2 ATP + 2 NADH
🔹 Stepwise ATP accounting in glycolysis
[A] Energy Investment Phase (Steps 1–5):
Hexokinase: Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate (uses 1 ATP)
PFK-1: Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (uses 1 ATP)
➝ Total used: -2 ATP

[B] Energy Payoff Phase (Steps 6–10):
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase:
Produces 2 NADH (since 2 molecules of G3P per glucose).
Phosphoglycerate kinase:
Produces 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation).
Pyruvate kinase:
Produces 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation).
➝ Total produced: +4 ATP + 2 NADH
Net yield of glycolysis per glucose molecule:
ATP: (4 produced – 2 consumed) = 2 ATP
NADH: 2 NADH

🔹 What happens to NADH under aerobic conditions?
In presence of oxygen, NADH is oxidized in the mitochondria via the electron transport chain (ETC).
Each NADH → ~2.5 ATP (via malate-aspartate shuttle in heart/liver)
OR 1.5 ATP (via glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in skeletal muscle/brain).
Thus, glycolysis contributes 2 ATP directly + 2 NADH (~3–5 ATP depending on shuttle used).

✅ Final Contribution of Glycolysis:
Direct ATP: 2
NADH (via ETC): 2 NADH = 3–5 ATP
Total (aerobic): 5–7 ATP (depending on cell type & shuttle system).

🔹 Big Picture: ATP from complete oxidation of glucose
Glycolysis: 5–7 ATP
Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA (PDH): 5 ATP (2 NADH)
TCA Cycle (per glucose = 2 Acetyl-CoA): 20 ATP (6 NADH + 2 FADH₂ + 2 GTP)
👉 Grand total = 30–32 ATP
✅ Summary:
Glycolysis alone yields 2 ATP + 2 NADH.
This is the foundation of energy production from glucose.
Under aerobic conditions, those 2 NADH can be further oxidized in mitochondria, giving glycolysis a net contribution of 5–7 ATP to the total 30–32 ATP generated from complete oxidation of glucose.
CSIR, India

19/06/2025

🚨 Exciting Announcement! 🚨

📢 Registrations are NOW OPEN for the Hands-on Training Workshop on “Exosomes in Health: Isolation, Characterization, and Biomedical Application”, jointly organized by AIIMS New Delhi & Indian Extracellular Vesicles Society (IEVS)!

🗓️ Workshop Dates: 01–10 September 2025
📝 Apply By: 31st July 2025
📍 Venue: AIIMS, New Delhi
💯 Free Registration & Accommodation

🔬 What’s in store for you?
✅ Practical lab sessions
✅ Expert demonstrations & lectures
✅ Case studies & networking
✅ Techniques in exosome isolation, characterization, validation
✅ Applications in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, cancer, drug delivery

👨‍🎓 Who can attend?
Postgraduate Students | PhD Scholars | Postdoctoral Fellows | Faculty Members interested in extracellular vesicle research

📌 Limited seats available! Grab this exclusive chance to learn from leading experts.

🔗 Register here: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf-vT41-N-8Pz-iKAg-7V9y79s4aDa32Krip5OPUjMMBUA4zg/viewform
📧 Contact: skumarlabaiims@gmail.com

18/06/2025

Understanding the Q-Cycle: A Key Mechanism in Cellular Respiration

The Q-Cycle, operating at Complex III of the electron transport chain, plays a crucial role in cellular energy production. It enables efficient electron transfer and proton pumping, essential for ATP synthesis. A clear understanding of this mechanism is vital for students, researchers, and professionals in the field of life sciences.

I have explained the Q-Cycle in detail in my latest video. Watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nS-qZexdQU

If you find the content useful, kindly like the video and subscribe to my channel for more educational content on biochemistry, molecular biology, and related fields.

The Q cycle (named for quinol) describes a series of reactions that describe how the sequential oxidation and reduction of the lipophilic electron carrier, C...

17/06/2025

🚨Admissions Open 2025–26 | Nagaland University – School of Engineering & Technology, Kohima Campus 🚨
Join one of India’s leading Central Universities and shape your future with cutting-edge programs in engineering, technology, and biotechnology.
📚Programs Offered:
🎓B.Tech. (Fresh & Lateral Entry)
🔗Biotechnology: https://kohima.nagalanduniversity.ac.in/biotech.html
🔗Agricultural Engineering & Technology: https://kohima.nagalanduniversity.ac.in/aet.html
🔗Computer Science & Engineering: https://kohima.nagalanduniversity.ac.in/cse.html
🔗Electronics & Communication Engineering: https://kohima.nagalanduniversity.ac.in/ece.html
🔗Information Technology : https://kohima.nagalanduniversity.ac.in/it
🎓 M.Sc.
🔗Biotechnology
🎓 M.Tech.
🔗Agricultural Engineering & Technology
🔗Information Technology
🎓 Ph.D.
🔗Agricultural Engineering & Technology
🔗 Biotechnology
🔗 Information Technology
📅 Important Dates:
✅ B.Tech. Applications Open: 10 May 2025
✅ M.Tech./M.Sc. Applications Open: 16 May 2025
✅ Ph.D. Applications Open: 20 June 2025
🚨 Last Date for All Applications: 18 July 2025
📌 Counseling dates will be notified to shortlisted candidates.
🔗 Apply Now: https://nagalanduniversity.ac.in/English/SET-admn25
📍 Why Choose Nagaland University – Kohima Campus?
✅ Serene Campus
✅ Qualified Faculty
✅ Interdisciplinary Research
✅ Advanced Laboratories
✅ Central University Recognition
Join us. Learn. Innovate. Excel.
Nagaland University

NB: Applicants must register on this website before the online Application Form can be accessed. Register here For queries send email to set.admin@nagalanduniversity.ac.in

30/05/2025

📢 invites nominations for the prestigious Ramanujan Fellowship!

This premier fellowship aims to attract outstanding scientists and engineers of Indian origin from across the globe to take up research positions in India. It is a unique opportunity for global talent to contribute to the nation's scientific and technological advancement.

🗓️ Start Date: 1 June 2025
🗓️ Deadline: 30 June 2025

Join the mission to build a stronger research ecosystem in India. Apply or nominate deserving candidates now.

🔗 Apply here: https://anrfonline.in/ANRF/Ramanujan_fellowship?HomePage=New

30/05/2025

📢 Invites Applications for the National Post-Doctoral Fellowship (NPDF)!

Are you a committed researcher seeking to expand your academic horizon? The National Post-Doctoral Fellowship (NPDF) offered by is your gateway to independent, high-impact research under expert mentorship.

This fellowship supports early-career researchers across disciplines, encouraging innovative ideas and strengthening India’s research ecosystem.

🗓️ Application Period:
1 June 2025 – 30 June 2025

🔗 Apply now: anrfonline.in/ANRF/npdf

Take the next big step in your research career!

31/01/2025

Hormones can be classified according to their chemical nature, mechanism of action, nature of action, their effects, and stimulation of Endocrine glands. i. This category of hormones are divided to six classes, they are hormones steroid; amines; peptide; protein; glycoprotein and eicosanoid.

Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX1TVFcyygZ3_UZAcVPi_Kw/join

19/11/2024

Exploring Popular Citation Styles and Their Applicability Across Disciplines

Citation styles are a crucial aspect of academic writing, ensuring credit is given to original authors and enhancing the credibility of scholarly work. However, with various styles available, it can be challenging to choose the right one. Here’s a breakdown of some popular citation styles and the disciplines where they are commonly used:

1️⃣ APA Style (American Psychological Association)

* Applicable Disciplines: Psychology, Education, Social Sciences

* Key Features: In-text citations use the author-date format. Example: (Smith, 2023). It emphasizes clarity and minimizes ambiguity.

2️⃣ MLA Style (Modern Language Association)

* Applicable Disciplines: Literature, Arts, Humanities

* Key Features: Focuses on author-page citations in the text. Example: (Smith 123). Ideal for detailed textual analysis.

3️⃣ Chicago Style (Notes and Bibliography)

* Applicable Disciplines: History, Arts, Humanities

* Key Features: Utilizes footnotes or endnotes for citations and a bibliography for references. It is flexible for detailed documentation.

4️⃣ Harvard Style

* Applicable Disciplines: Business, Economics, Social Sciences

* Key Features: Author-date citation format, widely used for its simplicity and clarity. Example: (Smith, 2023).

5️⃣ Vancouver Style

* Applicable Disciplines: Medicine, Health Sciences

* Key Features: A numbered citation style, with references listed sequentially. Example: [1]. Efficient for papers with extensive references.

6️⃣ IEEE Style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

* Applicable Disciplines: Engineering, Computer Science, Technology

* Key Features: Numbered citations in square brackets. Example: [1]. Tailored for technical and research-heavy fields.

7️⃣ AMA Style (American Medical Association)

* Applicable Disciplines: Medicine, Healthcare, Biological Sciences

* Key Features: Numbered superscripts for in-text citations. Example: Smith^1. Focuses on accuracy in medical writing.

8️⃣ Turabian Style

* Applicable Disciplines: General academic writing across disciplines

* Key Features: Adapted from Chicago style, Turabian is simplified for student use and non-specialist writing.

Understanding the nuances of these styles is critical for academic and professional success. The right citation style not only adheres to disciplinary norms but also ensures your work meets publication standards.

Which citation style do you use the most? Share your experience or any tips for mastering citation styles in the comments!