Dr. Shahanur Rahman - Neurosurgeon

Dr. Shahanur Rahman - Neurosurgeon MBBS, MS, MCh Neurosurgery (Osmania MC, Hyderabad)
Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon,
Peerless Hospital, Guwahati. https://maps.app.goo.gl/i3NqFb3Gni9VgMsj9

Address: Bhabananda Boro Path, opposite DPS school, GARCHUK, Guwahati, Assam 781035. Dr. Md Shahanur Rahman
MBBS (AMC), MS Surgery (GMC),
MCh Neurosurgery (Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad)
Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon & Head of the Department of Neurosurgery,
Guwahati Metro Hospital, Khanapara
Regd. No.- 20429 (AMC)
[7+ years experience in Neurosurgery]
Mobile: 7578887788
Email: drshahanurneuro@gmail.com
one can visit on following links:
https://xoloxneuro.setmore.com/shahanur
for OPD scheduling at Guwahati, Assam

24/12/2025

Suffering from Backache, Radiating pain to any Leg, Weakness while walking, Numbness of Foot.

Do your check up with Dr. Shahanur Rahman - Neurosurgeon to find out the actual cause of your problems and know what's your best treatment.

Call or Whatsapp 075788 87788

Visit any OPD of Dr Shahanur
For Guwahati: Peerless Hospital Guwahati
https://share.google/3MmEDMK6qjZed1e87

For Dhubri: Medicure Health Planet
https://g.co/kgs/oUY95f

For Barpeta: Metacare Diagnostic&Research Centre,Barpeta
JB Medical, Kolgachia

For Nagaon: Luit Medicare
Relief Polyclinic & Daycare

INDIAN OLD CURRENCY SYSTEM:India's historical currency system evolved from tiny cowrie shells to the modern rupee, with ...
23/12/2025

INDIAN OLD CURRENCY SYSTEM:
India's historical currency system evolved from tiny cowrie shells to the modern rupee, with units like futi (phooti) kaudi, kaudi, damdi (damri), dhela (dh ela), pai, paisa, ana (anna), and rupee forming a hierarchical structure. This pre-decimal system, used before 1957, relied on base-3, base-4, and base-16 conversions, where smaller units aggregated into larger ones for trade and daily transactions. Cowries were among the earliest barter-like currencies in ancient India, symbolizing negligible value in idioms like "not worth a futi kaudi."[3][4]

# # Core Relationships
The progression built value incrementally:
- 3 futi kaudi (broken cowrie shells) = 1 kaudi (whole cowrie).[2][4]
- 10 kaudi = 1 damdi (or damri, a tiny copper piece).[5][3]
- 2 damdi = 1 dhela.[4][11]
- 1.5 pai = 1 dhela, or conversely, about 1.5-3 pai per dhela depending on regional variations.[9][3]
- 3 pai = 1 paisa (old paisa).[6][4]
- 4 paisa = 1 ana.[7][8]
- 16 ana = 1 rupee.[1][10]

# # Full Equivalents to 1 Rupee
These scaled up consistently across sources:
256 damdi = 192 pai = 128 dhela = 64 paisa = 16 ana = 1 rupee.[3][5]
This structure persisted through Mughal, British, and early independent India eras, with the rupee as a silver coin standardizing larger trade. Decimalization in 1957 simplified it to 100 paise per rupee.[10][1][7]

Sources
[1] Kauri, Damdi, Rupiya: The Evolution of Indian Money | EP 10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJBxk9YTGjk
[2] एक फूटी कौड़ी भी नहीं दूंगा... जानिए क्या होता है दमड़ी, आना, धेला ... https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/know-indian-old-coins-price-list-what-is-damdi-kaudi-anna-dhela-and-pai/articleshow/94664120.cms
[3] जानिए भारतीय रुपये का इतिहास, फूटी कौड़ी से पाई और आना से कैसे ... https://www.tv9hindi.com/utility-news/indian-currency-system-of-phootie-cowrie-damri-dhela-pie-paisa-and-aana-au99-1361360.html
[4] Lets Understand The Old Currency System Of India 3 ... https://www.instagram.com/reel/DLHso1IJ8nu/?hl=en
[5] फूटी कौड़ी, पाई-पाई का हिसाब, चमड़ी-दमड़ी का रिश्ता, धेला, आना ... https://www.statetodaytv.com/post/history-of-indian-rupee-ana-pai-dhela-damdi-kaudi-paisa-rbi-economy-currency-budget
[6] Kaudi, Damri, Dhela, Chavanni, Anna, Paisa, Pai https://www.linkedin.com/posts/priyanka-j-33645618b_money-paisa-ancient-activity-7353765093651730436-F4YV
[7] Indian anna https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_anna
[8] RBI's Retrospect of Indian Coins https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/english/Currency/Scripts/RetrospectIndianCoins.aspx
[9] जब रुपया नहीं था तब क्या था, कितनी कीमती थी फूटी कौड़ी और आना ... https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/indian-currency-history-system-of-phootie-cowrie-damri-dhela-pie-paisa-and-aana-7832744.html
[10] History of the rupee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_rupee
[11] जब रुपया नहीं था तब क्या था, कितनी क़ीमती थी फूटी कौड़ी और ... https://www.gaonconnection.com/bat-pate-ki/know-about-history-of-indian-coin-phooti-cowrie-damri-pie-dhela/articleshow/125053216.html
[12] From Phooti kaudi to Durmi : This is how ancient Indian ... https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/from-phooti-kaudi-to-durmi-this-is-how-ancient-indian-currency-shaped-the-trade/articleshow/117475064.cms
[13] प्राचीन भारतीय मुद्राओं का क्या इतिहास है और इनकी वैल्यू ... https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/history-of-indian-currency-coins-in-hindi-1582355774-2
[14] What is a Dhela, Kaudi & Anna? Before 1957, India's ... https://www.facebook.com/sofworld/posts/indias-old-currency-system-explained-what-is-a-dhela-kaudi-annabefore-1957-india/989819529921170/?locale=el_GR
[15] India History - Phootie Cowrie to Cowrie Cowrie to Damri ... https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1329166417100419&id=110581498958923&set=a.111482465535493
[16] What is a Dhela, Kaudi & Anna? Before 1957, India's ... https://www.facebook.com/sofworld/videos/indias-old-currency-system-explained-what-is-a-dhela-kaudi-annabefore-1957-india/2722703884582891/
[17] 🪙 “Footi Kaudi” se leke “Ek Rupaye” tak – Kitne tukde the ... https://www.instagram.com/reel/DLxEeFZBUDQ/?hl=en
[18] Issue № 6 / Rupee, Anna, Paisa, Pie https://www.matratype.com/issue-5-devanagari-typecooker-copy

DARK OXYGEN PRODUCTION:In 2024 a team led by Andrew Sweetman reported that metallic “polymetallic nodules” on the abyssa...
23/12/2025

DARK OXYGEN PRODUCTION:

In 2024 a team led by Andrew Sweetman reported that metallic “polymetallic nodules” on the abyssal seafloor seem to generate oxygen in total darkness, likely by electrochemically splitting seawater (a kind of natural electrolysis), without photosynthesis.[1][2][3]

# # What the research found

- The study, published in *Nature Geoscience* as “Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor,” measured oxygen inside chambers placed over deep‑sea sediments and polymetallic nodules ~4,000 m below the surface in the Clarion‑Clipperton Zone of the Pacific.[4][1]
- Instead of only seeing oxygen consumption (as expected from respiration), the chambers showed net **production** of oxygen over about two days, even though no light and no photosynthetic organisms were present in the chambers.[5][1]

# # How rocks can make oxygen

- The nodules are rich in metals such as manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, and iron; their internal structure creates tiny electrical potentials between different mineral layers, effectively acting as “geobatteries.”[2][6]
- Measurements on individual nodules showed surface voltages up to about 0.95 V, comparable to an AA battery; when seawater contacts these charged surfaces (and possibly clusters of nodules together), the resulting current can drive seawater electrolysis, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen (“dark oxygen”).[7][3][1]

# # How certain is this explanation?

- The experiments clearly show unexplained oxygen production, and control tests indicate it is associated with nodules and metal‑rich sediments rather than biology or instrument error.[8][1]
- However, the exact mechanism and how much this process contributes to the overall deep‑sea oxygen budget are still under investigation; the electrolysis “geobattery” idea is currently the leading hypothesis, not yet a fully proven quantitative model.[9][1][8]

# # Relation to photosynthesis and other oxygen sources

- This “dark oxygen” does **not** replace photosynthesis as the main source of Earth’s oxygen: most atmospheric and oceanic oxygen still comes from photosynthetic organisms in sunlit waters and on land.[4][5]
- It adds to a growing list of non‑photosynthetic oxygen‑producing processes (such as water radiolysis and some microbial metabolisms) that may be important in specific dark environments and possibly on other planets.[10][11]

# # Why it matters

- The nodules being studied are exactly the ones targeted for deep‑sea mining because they contain battery metals; if they are important local oxygen sources, large‑scale removal could degrade deep‑sea ecosystems.[12][13][2]
- The discovery also changes thinking about how life can be supported in dark oceans, both on Earth and on icy worlds like Europa or Enceladus, where mineral‑driven electrochemistry might also generate oxidants.[11][9]

Sources
[1] Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01480-8
[2] Deep-ocean floor produces its own 'dark oxygen' https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2024/july/deep-ocean-floor-produces-its-own-dark-oxygen
[3] Scientists Discover 'Dark Oxygen' on the Ocean Floor ... https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-discover-dark-oxygen-on-the-ocean-floor-generated-surprisingly-by-lumps-of-metal-180984778/
[4] Scientists discover ‘dark' oxygen being produced more than 13,000 feet below the ocean surface https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/22/science/dark-oxygen-discovery-deep-sea-mining
[5] "Dark oxygen" created in the ocean without photosynthesis, ... https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dark-oxygen-created-without-photosynthesis-ocean-study/
[6] Deep-ocean floor produces its own 'dark oxygen' https://news.weinberg.northwestern.edu/2024/08/26/deep-ocean-floor-produces-its-own-dark-oxygen/
[7] Dark oxygen made by deep sea 'batteries' https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c728ven2v9eo
[8] Are deep-sea rocks producing 'dark oxygen'? https://www.biotechniques.com/plant-climate-science/deep-sea-rocks-are-producing-dark-oxygen/
[9] Deep sea rocks suggest oxygen can be made without ... https://theconversation.com/deep-sea-rocks-suggest-oxygen-can-be-made-without-photosynthesis-deepening-the-mystery-of-life-238937
[10] An abiotic source of Archean hydrogen peroxide and ... https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8595356/
[11] Dark oxygen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_oxygen
[12] Dark oxygen discovered in the deep sea spells trouble for ... https://www.greenpeace.org/aotearoa/story/dark-oxygen-discovered-deep-sea/
[13] Marine science oxygen produced in the deep sea raises ... https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1055736
[14] image.jpeg https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/attachments/images/91992224/d07c26f9-bbc5-4f0d-863b-9cf904e613c0/image.jpeg
[15] Exploring the Role of Dark Oxygen Production in Deep- ... https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/efa53c20-afe4-43f1-983f-ed7165dfb850-MECA.pdf?abstractid=5274125&mirid=1&type=2
[16] Deep-Sea 'Nodules' May Produce Oxygen, Study Finds https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/deep-sea-nodules-dark-oxygen/
[17] Deep sea rocks suggest oxygen can be made without photosynthesis, deepening the mystery of lifehttps://phys.org/news/2024-10-deep-sea-oxygen-photosynthesis-deepening.pdf
[18] Widespread occurrence of dissolved oxygen anomalies ... https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/100/11/fiae132/7778282
[19] Deep sea rocks suggest oxygen can be made without photosynthesis, deepening the mystery of life https://phys.org/news/2024-10-deep-sea-oxygen-photosynthesis-deepening.html
[20] Dark Oxygen https://www.gktoday.in/dark-oxygen/
[21] Scientists Discover “Dark Oxygen” in the Ocean (Big ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URs6ycDCcpY

16/12/2025

🧠 Suffering from Headache, Vomiting or Seizure Problems?
For any Brain Tumour related issues, Get Expert Help from
Dr. Shahanur, Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon in Guwahati
✅ Trusted Neuro Super Specialist
✅ Advanced Brain Tumour Treatment with High End Microscope
✅ Fast Appointment
📞 Call Now: 075788 87788
👉 Book your consultation today. Early treatment means faster recovery!


29/11/2025

🧠 Suffering from Headache, Vomiting or Seizure Problems?
For any Brain Tumour related issues, Get Expert Help from
Dr. Shahanur, Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon in Guwahati
✅ Trusted Neuro Super Specialist
✅ Advanced Brain Tumour Treatment with High End Microscope
✅ Fast Appointment
📞 Call Now: 075788 87788
👉 Book your consultation today. Early treatment means faster recovery!


19/11/2025

Cervical PIVD C6/C7 left side
After Surgery pain got relieved

19/11/2025

Feedback of a patient of Cervical disc extrusion!

Neurosurgeon:
Dr Md Shahanur Rahman
MBBS (AMC), MS Surgery (GMC),
MCh Neurosurgery (Hyderabad)
Senior Consultant Neurosurgen
Peerless Hospital, Garchuk, Guwahati

​ ​ ​ ​

Neurosurgery OPD at DhubriMedicure Health Planet Jhagrarpar Link Road, DhubriEvery 1st Sunday (10:00 AM - 2:00 PM)      ...
14/11/2025

Neurosurgery OPD at Dhubri

Medicure Health Planet
Jhagrarpar Link Road, Dhubri

Every 1st Sunday (10:00 AM - 2:00 PM)






Neurosurgery OPD at NagaonRELIEF POLYCLINIC Dhing Road, opposite Bharat Petroleum Petrol Pump, Nagaon Every 3rd Saturday...
13/11/2025

Neurosurgery OPD at Nagaon

RELIEF POLYCLINIC
Dhing Road, opposite Bharat Petroleum Petrol Pump, Nagaon
Every 3rd Saturday 1:00-4:00 PM






2 types of Stroke:Ischemic Stroke & Hemorragic  Stroke
05/11/2025

2 types of Stroke:
Ischemic Stroke & Hemorragic Stroke

03/11/2025

Feedback by a post operative patient (Diagnosis - Acute SDH on Rt Side).

31/10/2025

Stroke & Neurosurgeon







Address

Guwahati

Opening Hours

Monday 9am - 5pm
6pm - 8pm
Tuesday 9am - 5pm
6pm - 8pm
Wednesday 9am - 5pm
6pm - 8pm
Thursday 9am - 5pm
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Friday 9am - 5pm
6pm - 8pm
Saturday 9am - 5pm
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Telephone

+917578887788

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