Medi Trust Diagnostics lab.unisoo Langate

14/06/2025

07/06/2025

Low vitamin D= High Risk

07/06/2025

Vitamin D = Strong bone+ Strong immunity

05/08/2024

Platelet Clumping:
Platelet clumping can lead to falsely low automated platelet counts. Platelet clumping can occur due to platelet activation while samples are being taken (difficult venipuncture), or, in some patients, due to antibodies which react with the EDTA within the FBC tubes causing platelet aggregation.

05/06/2024

Albuminuria (proteinuria)

Albuminuria (sometimes referred to as proteinuria) is when you have albumin in your urine. Albumin is an important protein normally found in the blood that serves many roles in the body - building muscle, repairing tissue, and fighting infection. It is not usually found in the urine.

Healthy kidneys stop most of your albumin from getting through their filters and entering the urine. There should be very little or no albumin in your urine. If your kidneys are damaged, albumin can “leak” through their filters and into your urine.

Albuminuria (proteinuria) is not a separate disease. It is a symptom of many different types of kidney disease and a significant risk factor for complications. Having albumin in your urine can be a sign of kidney disease, even if your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is above 60 or “normal”.

Signs and symptoms

Most people with albuminuria (proteinuria) may not notice any symptoms. This is why it is so important to get regular health checkups (including lab tests), especially if you have any risk factors for albuminuria or kidney disease.

If symptoms are present, you may notice one or more of the following:

Foamy urine
Puffiness around the eyes (especially in the morning)
Frequent urination (p*eing more often than usual)
Swelling of your feet, ankles, belly area, or face
Causes

Albuminuria (proteinuria) is caused by kidney damage, specifically when the damage occurs in the glomerulus (the kidney’s filter). Sometimes this is temporary (short-term damage), while other times it is chronic (long-term damage). The exact cause for the kidney damage is different for each person and may even be due to several factors combined.

Some of the most common causes of temporary (short-term) albuminuria include:

Dehydration (not drinking enough water)
High-intensity exercise
Fever and/or infection
Heart failure exacerbation (flare-up)
Some of the most common causes of chronic (long-term) albuminuria include:

Diabetes (especially if your blood sugars are higher than your target range)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Heart disease and/or heart failure
Glomerular disease (such as IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), or glomerulonephritis)
Having albuminuria may not always mean you have actual kidney damage. This is why repeat testing is so important – to help tell the difference between chronic (long-term) kidney damage and temporary (short-term) stress on the kidneys.

Types

You may have heard or read about the words “microalbuminuria” and “macroalbuminuria”. These words were used in the past to help describe categories for how high a person’s urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR) level is. However, these separate words are no longer recommended - they add confusion without providing any extra benefit. Newer research has shown that any uACR level above the goal range is a risk factor for complications. Any level above 30 mg/g is now called “albuminuria” (instead of using two separate terms).

Complications

Albuminuria is a significant risk factor for developing complications. Some of these complications include:

Kidney failure
Cardiovascular disease (heart failure, heart attack, or stroke)
Heart failure
Decreased life expectancy (early death)
Your risk for getting these complications is directly connected with your uACR level. This means a higher uACR level comes with a higher risk for developing one or more of these complications. Getting your uACR level down will help lower your risk for complications, even if you are not able to get your uACR level into the goal range.

Diagnosis

Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR)
The primary way to diagnose albuminuria is through a urine test called the urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR). Your uACR results help describe the degree of albuminuria you may be experiencing, if any.

A lower number is better for this test, ideally lower than 30. A value of 30 or higher suggests you may be at a higher risk for complications. The higher your number, the higher your risk.

It is important to emphasize that this test often needs to be repeated one or more times to confirm the results. Decisions are rarely made based on the results of one test

25/04/2024

*Components of the Immune Response*

The immune response involves a complex interplay of various components working together to protect the body from pathogens and foreign substances. These components include:

*1. White Blood Cells:*
White blood cells, such as neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, play crucial roles in the immune response.

*2. Antibodies:*
These are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen. They help neutralize or eliminate pathogens and foreign substances.

*3. Complement System:*
This is a group of proteins that work together to destroy bacteria and viruses, and to clear damaged cells and immune complexes from the body.

*4. Lymphatic System:*
This system includes the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, and thymus, and plays a key role in the immune response by filtering and trapping pathogens and foreign substances.

*5. Bone Marrow:*
This is where many immune cells originate and mature, and it plays a crucial role in the production of blood cells, including those involved in the immune response.

*6. Thymus:*
This organ is important for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell crucial for the adaptive immune response.

*7. Platelets:*
Platelets are also recognized as essential components of the immune system, as they are among the first cells to detect endothelial injury and microbial pathogens, playing a role in innate immunity.

These components work together to protect the body from germs and other invaders, and to aid in the healing process after infections.

The immune system is a complex and intricate network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful invaders. Each component plays a unique and vital role in maintaining the body's health and well-being.

02/03/2024

Amylase test measures the amount of amylase in your blood or urine (p*e). Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, that helps you digest carbohydrates. Most of the amylase in your body is made by your pancreas and salivary glands.

A small amount of amylase in your blood and urine is normal. But having too much or too little may be a sign of a disorder of the pancreas or salivary glands, or another medical condition.

Other names: Amy test, serum amylase, urine amylase

𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫?

Tests for amylase in blood or urine are mainly used to diagnose problems with your pancreas, including pancreatitis, which is an inflammation of the pancreas. It is also used to monitor chronic (long-term) pancreatitis.

Increases and decreases in amylase levels show up in blood before urine, so an amylase urine test may be done with or after an amylase blood test.

One or both types of amylase test may also be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for other disorders that may affect amylase levels, such as salivary gland disorders and certain digestive conditions.

𝙒𝙝𝙮 𝙙𝙤 𝙄 𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙢𝙮𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙚𝙨𝙩?
Your health care provider may order an amylase blood and/or urine test if you have symptoms of a pancreatic disorder. Symptoms may begin suddenly or slowly and include:

Pain in your upper abdomen (belly) that may spread to your back or get worse after eating
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Fever
Fast heartbeat
Jaundice
Greasy, foul-smelling stool (p**p)
Your provider may also order an amylase test to monitor an existing condition that affects the pancreas, including:

Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Eating disorders
Cystic fibrosis
Alcohol use disorder
Recovery from having gallstones removed after a gallbladder attack

20/01/2024

*Human kidneys*

the *kidneys* are an essential organ in the body that perform several important functions. Some of the functions of the kidneys include:

1. Removing waste products: The kidneys filter waste products, such as urea and creatinine, from the blood and eliminate them from the body in the form of urine.

2. Regulating fluid balance: The kidneys help to maintain the body's fluid balance by adjusting the amount of water excreted in the urine.

3. Regulating electrolyte balance: The kidneys help to maintain the balance of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, in the body.

4. Regulating acid-base balance: The kidneys help to maintain the body's acid-base balance by excreting excess acid or base in the urine.

5. Producing hormones: The kidneys produce several hormones, including erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells, and renin, which helps to regulate blood pressure.

6. Activating vitamin D: The kidneys play a role in activating vitamin D, which is important for maintaining strong bones.

7. Regulating blood pressure: The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by producing hormones that constrict or dilate blood vessels.

Overall, the kidneys are a vital organ that perform several important functions in the body. Maintaining optimal kidney health is essential for overall health and well-being. Is there anything else

06/01/2024

💢 Pulmonary Circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system responsible for transporting oxygen-depleted blood from the heart to the lungs and returning oxygenated blood back to the heart.

▪️Deoxygenated Blood Flow:
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava.
The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

▪️Pulmonary Artery:
The right ventricle contracts, pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery.
The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs.

▪️Capillary Exchange in the Lungs:
In the lungs, the pulmonary artery branches into smaller arteries and arterioles, ultimately reaching capillaries around the alveoli.
Exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen occurs in the capillaries through diffusion across the thin alveolar walls.

▪️Oxygenated Blood Return:
Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via pulmonary veins.
The pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium.

🔸️Systemic Circulation:

The left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle contracts, sending oxygenated blood into the aorta, initiating systemic circulation to supply oxygen to the rest of the body.

07/12/2023

A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot, typically originating from the legs (known as a deep vein thrombosis or DVT), travels through the bloodstream and lodges in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. This blockage can restrict or completely obstruct blood flow to a portion of the lung, leading to potentially life-threatening consequences.

The signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism can vary, but some common ones include a sudden onset of shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain (pain worsened by deep breathing), tachypnea (rapid breathing), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and hypotension (low blood pressure). Other alarming symptoms may include loss of consciousness, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), a feeling of impending doom, and anxiety

01/11/2023

Phosphorus is a mineral the body needs to build strong bones and teeth. It is also important for nerve signaling and muscle contraction. A phosphorus blood test measures the amount of this mineral in blood. Kidney, liver, and certain bone diseases can cause abnormal phosphorus levels.

A higher than normal level (hyperphosphatemia) may be due to many different health conditions. Common causes include: Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hypoparathyroidism, Kidney damage or failure, Liver disease, Too much vitamin D, Too much phosphate in your diet and Use of certain medicines such as laxatives that have phosphate in them.

A lower than normal level (hypophosphatemia) may be due to: Alcoholism, Hypercalcemia, Primary hyperparathyroidism, Too little dietary intake of phosphate, Very poor nutrition and Too little vitamin D, resulting in bone problems such as rickets (childhood) or osteomalacia (adult)

30/10/2023

H. pylori (Heliobacter pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects your stomach. It can damage the tissue in your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (the duodenum). This can cause redness and soreness (inflammation). In some cases it can also cause painful sores called peptic ulcers in your upper digestive tract. H. pylori is common. Many people have it. Most people who have it won’t get ulcers or show any symptoms. But it is a main cause of ulcers. It attacks the lining that protects your stomach. The bacteria makes an enzyme called urease. This enzyme makes your stomach acids less acidic (neutralizes them). This weakens your stomach’s lining. Your stomach cells then have greater risk of being hurt by acid and pepsin, strong digestive fluids. That can lead to sores or ulcers in your stomach or duodenum. The H. pylori bacteria can also stick to stomach cells. Your stomach can’t protect itself very well. The area gets red and swollen (inflamed).H. pylori can also get the stomach to make more acid. Health experts don’t fully understand how.
Blood tests are used to measure antibodies to H pylori. Antibodies are proteins made by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances such as bacteria.