Ziyan homoeopathic clinic

05/01/2026

“Memories fade, but feelings remember.”

05/01/2026

“This is what unfiltered emotion looks like: hysteria.”

05/01/2026

HYSTERIA
It is a condition of unconscious want of relief from intolerable stress characterised by clear cut physical and mental symptoms.

Types

Conversion type: Patient presents with a mimic physical lesion. Neurological examinations do not correspond to the anatomical areas served by motor or sensory nerves though the patient may be severely incapacitated by his symptoms; he appears unconcerned about them.

Dissociated type: Patient present with altered states of awareness, e.g. pains, fits, amnesias etc.

Etiology
• Hereditary and more in young females; esp. unmarried, widowed, divorcees.
• Anxiety neurosis.
• Environment. H/O unhappy childhood or abnormal parent-child relationship.
• Excessive obeying in childhood.
• Unwise psychological management by parents in developing age.
• Unpleasant consequences.

Symptoms/ signs (They chiefly consists of the reproduction of the symptoms or signs of an illness by the patient for some advantgeous purpose without being fully aware of his motive undoing so of disability). • Motor/ Sensory symptoms (These symptoms and losses do not obey anatomical or physiological law but follows patient’s concept).
– Blindness or deafness.
– Loss of cutaneous or deep sensibility.
– Headache.
– Pains.
– Noises in ears.
– Aphonia.
– Paralysis and rigidity of muscles.
– Tremors.
– Tics and explosive utterances.
– Spasms of ocular muscles.
– Abnormal gaits.
– Frequency of urination
– Palpitation, dyspnea, periodical pain etc.
– There may be breathlessness (Hysterical hyperventilation).
– Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, water brash etc.
– Fits: varying from simple falling to bizarre fits. Attacks with wild movement of arms and legs, when restraint is applied. Absent incontinence, preservation of reflexes such as corneal, and no tongue bite.

• Psychological symptoms:
– Wandering with altered awareness.
– Twilight state in which consciousness is impaired.
– Stupor in which patient lies motionless showing no reaction to environment.
– Pseudodementia: Patient behaves as though insane.
– Patient may mimic symptoms of psychiatric illness.

• Other symptoms:
– Patient often comes with tears coursing down her cheeks.
– Appears severely depressed, though superficial.
– Respond very well to an attentive audience.

Treatment
• Suggestion and Persuation.
• Environmental factors should be checked

05/01/2026

DEMENTIA
It is a condition of progressive deterioration of mental faculties ultimately leading to coma associated with organic disease of higher cortical neurons.

Etiology
• Cerebral atherosclerosis.
• Cerebral trauma and tumors.
• Encephalitis and neuro syphilis.
• Disseminated sclerosis, huntington’s chorea.
• Senile dementia.
• Intoxication: Chronic alcoholism.
• Deficiency disorders.
– Pellagra.
– Vitamin B1, B2,
Folic acid deficiency.
– Prolonged hypoglycemia.
• Post epileptic.
• Liver failure, uremia.

Symptoms/ signs
• Insomnia.
• Nocturnal restlessness.
• Confusion.
• Impaired ability to judge and reason.
• Defective perception.
• Disorientation of space and time.
• Emotional instability.
• Impaired memory specially for recent events.
• Outbursts of violence or sexual aberrations.
• Euphoria or depression.
• Patient sinks into apathy
• Delusions.
• Dirtiness and carelessness.
• Focal neurological signs.
– Dysphagia.
– Apraxia.
– Agnosia.
– Hemiplegia.
• Epilepsy: Focal or generalised.

Treatment
• Psychotherapy and reassurance.
• Underlying cause should be treated

04/01/2026

A medical triad is a powerful diagnostic shorthand — three key signs, symptoms, or findings that, when seen together, snap a diagnosis into focus.

04/01/2026

Meningitis is a serious infection that can progress rapidly and become life-threatening if not treated early. Recognizing the symptoms—such as fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion—can make all the difference. Vaccination, awareness, and quick medical care are key to prevention and survival. Share this to help spread knowledge that saves lives.
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04/01/2026

04/01/2026

Infections of the nervous system

Bacterial infections

• Meningitis
• Suppurative encephalitis
• Brain abscess
• Tuberculosis
• Paravertebral (epidural) abscess
• Neurosyphilis
• Leprosy (peripheral nerves)
• Diphtheria (peripheral nerves)
• Tetanus (motor cells)

Virus infections
• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Poliomyelitis
• Rabies
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection

Post-viral infections
• Demyelinating encephalitis (also post-vaccine)
• Guillain-Barre syndrome (also post-vaccine)
• Chronic/ fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis).

Slow virus infections
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, prion disease
• Kuru
• Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis
• Progressive multifocal leuco-encephalopathy

Protozoal infections
• Malena.
• Toxoplasmosis (immunosuppressed)
• Trypanosomiasis
• Amoebic abscess

Helminth infections
• Schistosomiasis (spinal cord)
• Cysticercosis
• Hydatid disease

04/01/2026

MENINGITIS
The inflammation of the pia and arachnoid membrane. (The two layers of meninges) Classification
• Commonest cause: Pneumococcus in adults. H. influenza in children.
• Predisposed: Alcoholic, sickle cell disease, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, splenectomy.

Type of inflammation
• Sterile
– Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
– Poliomyelitis.
– Carcinomatosis.

• Infective
– Purulent.
– Meningococcal.
– Pneumococcal.
– Strepto and staphylococcal etc. • Non-purulent
– Viral.
– Tubercular.
– Fungal etc.

• Chronic meningitis by typical mycobacteria, spirochetes

Acute pyogenic meningitis

Etiology -
Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, etc.

Source of infection
• Middle ear infections - commonest.
• Droplet infection from naso-pharynx.
• Cerebral abscess.
• Embolism.
• Head injury etc.

Symptoms/ signs
• Signs/ symptoms of meningitis present.
• Signs/ symptoms of local septic focus.

Investigations
• CSF examination.
• Sugar decreased below 40 mg/dl.
• Proteins raised.
• Pressure raised.
• WBC increased, neutrophils about 200-20,000.
• Gram’s stain may show pathogenic organisms.

Meningococcal meningitis (Cerebrospinal fever)

Etiology -It is the most common type of pyogenic meningitis. It spreads by droplet infection and enters the body through nasopharynx and subsequently carried to the blood stream via choroid plexus. Onset: Sudden, may occur in epidemics.

Symptoms
• Onset is acute with headache, pyrexia and rigors.
• Pain in back with headache involving neck also.
• Projectile vomiting.
• Generalised flexed attitude.
• Convulsions at the onset esp. in children.
• Photophobia.
• Irritability, confusion and drowsiness.

Signs of meningeal irritation
• Neck rigidity: Passive flexion is difficult so chin will not touch the chest

• Kernig’s sign: If thigh is flexed at 90° from abdomen it is impossible to straighten the knee passively due to spasm of hamstring muscles.

• Brudzinski’s sign: Passive flexion of a thigh causes spontaneous flexion of opposite thigh and flexion of neck causes flexion of hips and knee on both sides.

Signs of septicemia
• Petechial rashes before the third day of the ailment.
• Hypertension.
• Conjunctivitis.
• Adrenal failure due to hemorrhage into adrenal cortex.
• Pulse: Tachycardia.
• Pupils irregularly react to light.
• Anterior fontanelle may bulge.

Investigations
• Blood polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. Entirely polymorphs.
• CSF: increased pressure.
• Turbid and contains more than thousand cells predominantly polymorphs/ cmm.
• Gram negative diplococci (Culture Positive).
• Protein contents raised.
• Glucose content is lowered.
• CT, MRI might be needed in case of mass lesions.

Differential diagnosis
• Other meningitis.
• Meningism.
• Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage.

Complications
• Hydrocephalus.
• Permanent blindness due to optic atrophy.
• Insanity.
• Septicemia.
• Hyperpyrexia.
• Acute adrenal failure.
• Hemiplegia or paraplegia.
• Cranial nerve palsies (10-20%) commonly III, IV, VII, VIII.
• Aseptic meningitis.

Treatment
• Rush to hospital.
• Control of fever
• Hydration to be maintained.
• Blood pressure and adrenal function needs monitoring

03/01/2026