Community for Public Health, MIT World Peace University (2026)

07/12/2020

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE-
Not only affects the health of the female but also has impact on child health both physically and psychologically.
If the children are raised in an environment where they come across Domestic abuse (physically or verbally) it can lead to various complications while growing up.
-A mother with serious health implications cannot fulfill the need of her children.
•They can be the bullies as well subject to bullying.
•Be under-confident. Which will effect the level of there interaction and expression.
•Can indulged into self harming techniques. Substance abuse.
•Develop issues such as panic attacks, anxiety disorders.
•Abusive behaviour towards a female can be passed on to the next generation as well.
-Dr Anupama Singh Chauhan
Sketching: mehamutharasu

01/12/2020

📷 .guptaanju181
Domestic violence is a major contributor to the ill health of women. It has serious consequences on women's mental and physical health, including their reproductive and s*xual health. These include injuries, gynecological problems, temporary or permanent disabilities, depression and su***de, amongst others.
violence Health and socioeconomic consequences
1. All groups subjected to violence
Physical injuries Mental health problems (e.g. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders)
• Su***de
• Risk of no communicable diseases.
• Health-harming behaviors (e.g. alcohol and drug use, smoking, self-harm and risky s*xual
behavior)
• Productivity
• Human and economic costs for survivors, families and society
2. Women and Girls
a. Intimate partner violence
Sexual and reproductive health problems, including unwanted pregnancies, STI and HIV, pregnancy
loss, including miscarriages and induced abortions, low birth-weight babies, pre-term births,
traumatic gynecological fistula, chronic pain syndrome
• Induced abortion
• s*xually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV
• 41% pre-term birth
• 16% low birth-weight babies
• Infant mortality
• Children with developmental and behavioral problems
b. Female ge***al mutilation (FGM)
• Obstructed labor and perinatal mortality
• Infections
• Cysts and abscesses
• Fistula
• Psychological and mental health
problems
• Sexual dysfunction
c. Early marriage
• Early pregnancy and risk of perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity
• Girls’ access to education, livelihood skills
• Social isolation
3. Children, including adolescents
• Health-harming behaviors
• Mental and other health problems
• Educational attainment and future employment prospects
• Intergenerational perpetuation of cycle of violence, i.e.
• likelihood of girls later being subjected to intimate partner violence or s*xual exploitation and
trafficking
• Likelihood of boys becoming perpetrators or being subjected to violence later in life
• Youth violence involvement over time in other forms of violence as victims and perpetrators.

01/12/2020

📷R**e and s*xual assault are the most common thing , the most terrible crime on earth and it happens in every few minutes. In our country the main problem with the group who deal with r**e is that they always try to educate women how to defend themselves it is not enough we need to teach men not to r**e. Men should understand that "no means no!"
R**e is the fourth most common crime against women in India.According to National Crimes Record Bureau 32033 r**e cases were registered across the country or an average of 88 cases daily .India has been characterised as one of the "countries with the lowest per capita rates of r**e".
The usual knee jerk reactions protest, demonstrations, online petitions and, candle marches all demanding that the accused to be hanged.Yes, R**e and s*xual assault are heinous crimes which happens in our country every few minutes. In our country the main problem with the group deserved death but, one has to think about the trauma the victims faces. Can she be brought back can the crime be undone. Will the death penalty stop r**es? No, the rot runs deeper. So focus more on basic routes such as avoid intoxicants and stay away from the social media things that will help physical and mental violence etc.
R**e culture is allowed to continue when we buy the ideas of masculinity that see voilence and dominance as "strong" and ''male" when women and girls are less valued gender equality is the main reason for r**e culturestop. Don't tell your daughter not to go out but tell your son to behave properly!! When the community will accept that the Men and Women are equally strong and take equal responsiblities of each thing then might be the r**es will stop or the things men can do to stop r**e:
* Drugs and alcohol can affects people ability to whether they actually want to be s*xual with someone if a persons really out of it and can't give consent wait until you both are ready to enthusiastically say yes.
* Be aware with the pop culture messages shown on telecommunication and social media. Try not to be influenced by the ideas they project.
**eculture

01/12/2020

AIDS is not a condition yet a range of conditions or syndrome that occur when HIV weakens one’s immune system.
We can all do our part to STOP HIV/AIDS Stigma by being INTENTIONAL AND THOUGHTFUL when choosing our words .
Investing in young people’s health and education is a critical step to achieving an AIDS Free Generation.

Stigma

01/12/2020

📷 .guptaanju181
There are several symptoms of HIV. Not everyone will have the same symptoms. It depends on the person and what stage of the disease they are in. Below are the three stages of HIV and some of the symptoms people may experience.
Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection
Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, about two-thirds of people will have a flu-like illness. This is the body’s natural response to HIV infection.
Flu-like symptoms can include:
• Fever
• Chills
• Rash
• Night sweats
• Muscle aches
• Sore throat
• Fatigue
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Mouth ulcers
These symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. But some people do not have any symptoms at all during this early stage of HIV.
Stage 2: Clinical Latency
In this stage, the virus still multiplies, but at very low levels. People in this stage may not feel sick or have any symptoms. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection.
Stage 3: AIDS
If you have HIV and you are not on HIV treatment, eventually the virus will weaken your body’s immune system and you will progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This is the late stage of HIV infection.
Symptoms of AIDS can include:
• Rapid weight loss
• Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
• Extreme and unexplained tiredness
• Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck
• Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
• Sores of the mouth, a**s, or ge***als
• Pneumonia
• Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
• Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders

01/12/2020

📷
HIV is the most common disease in todays worlds which can be transmitted from one person to another. There are various methods in which HIV transmission is possible. Spreading awareness about transmission of HIV can prevent and protect people from getting the disease.
1.Through unprotected s*xual in*******se- Spreading of HIV is highly likely through unprotected s*xual in*******se with a person who is already HIV positive.
2. Transmission of HIV from mother to baby- HIV is transmiited from mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding which is also call perinatal transmission. But the chances of spreading hiv from mother to child has become quite low.
3. Transmission due to used needles,syringes or through other drug injection equipments- In hospitals, by sharing used needles, syringes or other equipment which has been used for hiv positive patient should be disposed off after used and should not be used for other patients so that transmission can be avoided.
4. Tattoos and body piercing - There are more chances of getting HIV by tattoos and body piercing techniques if the equipment used for the procedure has someone else blood or the ink is shared by someone who is hiv positive and can be a medium of transmission.
5.Biting-Transmission can occur when there is contact between broken skin, wounds or mucous membranes and blood or body fluids mixed with the blood of a person who has hiv.
6.Pre-chewed food- This type of transmission of infection is mostly possible in infants. Contamination takes place when blood from a caregiver's mouth mixes with the food that is prechewed before feeding to an infant.
7.Body fluids that transmits hiv- There are certain body fluids like semen,blood,preseminal fluid, re**al fluid,vaginal fluids and breastmilk have become the means of transmission.
8. Contaminated blood transfusions-Receiving blood transfusions,blood products or organ,tissue transplants that are contaminated by HIV positive patients.
9. Occupational transmission - Transmission between people who work in healthcare centres get unknowingly get infected if equipment isn't sterilised.

01/12/2020

📷
Your mouth may be the first part of your body to be affected when infected with HIV.Because infection with HIV will weakened the immune system, making the body susceptible to infections and other problems. Oral Manifestations of HIV are relevant in almost all stages of the disease, in a large proportion of patients, present in up to 50% of people with HIV infection and in up to 80% of those with a diagnosis. But, they are frequently are misdiagnosed or inadequately treated. In mouth, this can cause pain and tooth loss. Entry or exit points of therapies and vaccine trials ,are often orally. Mouth can be determinant of opportunistic infections and HIV therapy, used in staging and classification system.
Oral health problems related to HIV can be painful, which lead to trouble in chewing or swallowing. This can avert from taking HIV medication. A compromised digestive system may affect the absorption of HIV drug treatment. Trouble in eating and absorbing enough essential nutrients can lead to malnutrition.
Following points should be kept in mind while providing resources to HIV patients with compromised oral health.
1.Needs assessment prior to protocol development
2.Integrating oral health skills into training of wide range of health personnel.
3.alliviate patients distrust on oral hygiene regime.
4.increase patient awareness.
5.Need of patient education for oral health. Also educating parents of children with HIV,is equally important part of Patient education.
The future research priorities in HIV should Integrate oral health to other healthcare programs to access it’s impact and enhancement in the quality of life of the HIV patients.

01/12/2020

📷
Preventive measures of transmission in the health care settings are implemented for the sake of services providers and patients:
•promote the ZERO tolerance policy on HIV/AIDS and other blood borne diseases transmission in health care settings, this, to the benefit of health care workers and patients
• collect data, case study and operational research to inform policies
• develop and update national policies and legislation with regard to HIV transmission in the health care settings.
• provide or adopting adapted tools; integrating guidelines in National strategic plans and curricula.
• include the provision of commodities, protection masks, gowns, gloves; single Use blades needles and syringes; syringes with reuse prevention features; provision of safe blood and blood products; provision and disposal of sharps and medical waste Containers; immunization of healthcare workers against the hepatitis B virus; access to PEP services and provision of PEP services including HIV testing and counselling,
• develop pre and in service training curricula; ongoing information and Monitoring of health workers, including ,but not limited to all health and social service professionals who come into contact with blood and body fluids products.
• select indicators for national HIV/AIDS programmes to Assist in the monitoring of coverage, quality and effectiveness of programmes; risk Assessment and evaluation of the burden of the disease; surveillance, reporting and Evaluation of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens in the workplace.
• monitor the quality of services and products is a paramount and in Linkage with external laboratories, warrants safe procedures.

01/12/2020

📷
Behaviours and conditions that put individuals at greater risk of contracting HIV include:

1.having unprotected a**l or vaginal s*x;
2.having another s*xually transmitted infection (STI) such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea and bacterial vaginosis;
3.sharing contaminated needles, syringes and other injecting equipment and drug solutions when injecting drugs;
4.receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions and tissue transplantation, and medical procedures that involve unsterile cutting or piercing; and
experiencing accidental needle stick.
#

01/12/2020

📷
Symptoms of AIDS are caused by the deterioration of the immune system and the decline of CD4+ T cells, which are the immune system's key infection fighters. As soon as HIV enters the body, it begins to destroy these cells. Some common symptoms include:
~ Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
~ Dry cough
~ Memory loss, depression and neurological disorders
~ Pneumonia
~ Profound, unexplained ~fatigue
~ Red, brown, pink or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose or eyelids
~ Swollen lymph glands in the armpits, groin or neck
White spots or unusual blemishes on the tongue, in the mouth, or in the throat.
Because people with AIDS have weakened immune systems, they're more prone to infections, called opportunistic infections. -Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms that typically don't cause disease in healthy people but affect people with damaged immune systems. These organisms attack when there's an opportunity to infect.
-Deterioration of the immune system is caused by destruction of T-Cells as soon as HIV enters the body.
Symptoms of AIDS are caused by the deterioration of the Opportunistic Infections:-
~ Brain
Cryptoccoccal Menigitis – This is a yeast-like fungus infection that usually involves the brain and lungs, although it can affect almost any organ. The fungus that causes this condition is found in soil throughout the world. It is most common in soil contaminated by bird droppings. This disease most often occurs when a person T cell count falls below 100 cells per cubic millimeter of blood.
~ Eyes
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – Although this virus can affect the entire body, it commonly affects the eye's retina, causing blurry vision and in the severe cases, blindness. Other common symptoms include chronic diarrhea and nerve problems. It is most likely to occur when a person’s CD4+ T cell count falls below 100 cells per cubic millimeter of blood.
Gastrointestinal Tract
Cryptosporidiosis -This is a parasite that can cause chronic diarrhea. Other symptoms include stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue, weight loss, appetite loss, vomiting and dehydration.

01/12/2020

📷
Eating enough healthy foods each day can help you fight infection and maintain your weight and energy level. If your appetite changes, or if you have symptoms like nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, it may become hard to eat. Be sure to let your medical provider know how you are feeling. Here are some common concerns and tips on how to manage them.
Wasting and diarrhoea occur sooner or later during the course of AIDS. In many persons death appears to be determined more by nutritional status than any particular opportunistic infection. Successful lowering of viral load, especially through the use of potent protease inhibitors, helps to maintain nutritional status. Since there is immune suppression food and water safety should be the main concern.
Dt.Riya Chandra

Community for Public Health

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