07/06/2025
PAPILLOEDEMA is swelling of the optic disc (the point where the optic nerve enters the retina), due to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). It is usually bilateral and not associated with visual loss initially.
🔍 Causes of Papilloedema
★Papilloedema is always due to raised intracranial pressure, which can occur from:
★Brain tumors or space-occupying lesions
★Cerebral hemorrhage or hematoma
★Meningitis or encephalitis
★Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) (pseudotumor cerebri)
★Hydrocephalus
★Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
🧠 Pathophysiology
★Raised ICP → compresses the optic nerve sheath → impairs axoplasmic flow → causes stasis of axoplasm → leads to disc swelling.
👁️🗨️ Clinical Features
Symptoms (related to increased ICP):
★Headache (often worse in the morning)
★Nausea and vomiting
★Transient visual obscurations (brief loss of vision with position changes)
★Diplopia (due to 6th nerve palsy)
Ophthalmoscopic Signs:
★Blurred disc margins (especially superior and inferior)
★Hyperemic (reddish) optic disc
★Elevated disc
★Loss of venous pulsation
★Engorged retinal veins
★Peripapillary hemorrhages
★Cotton wool spots (occasionally)
⚠️ Stages of Papilloedema
1. Early (incipient): mild blurring of disc margins
2. Established (acute): full swelling, hemorrhages, exudates
3. Chronic: disc becomes gray and elevated; hemorrhages resolve
4. Atrophic (late): optic atrophy, visual loss
🔬 Diagnosis
★Fundoscopy: reveals optic disc swelling
★Neuroimaging: CT/MRI to rule out space-occupying lesion
★Lumbar puncture: to measure CSF pressure (only after imaging)
★Visual field testing: enlarged blind spot, possible peripheral constriction
★OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography): quantifies nerve fiber layer thickening
🩺 Management
★Treat underlying cause (e.g., tumor, infection)
★Weight loss and acetazolamide in idiopathic intracranial hypertension
★Surgical interventions if needed (e.g., shunt, optic nerve sheath fenestration)
★Avoid lumbar puncture before imaging, due to risk of brain herniation