GC 环球干细胞医学疗法与专业护理

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6 P’s of DYSPNEA  : 感覺喘不過氣、呼吸費力或短促的症狀,常見於心肺疾病(如哮喘、肺炎、心衰竭、COPD)或心理因素,表現為「胸悶」、「喘不過氣」等 . 呼吸急促 (Tachypnea):呼吸頻率加快。呼吸窘迫 (Resp...
06/01/2026

6 P’s of DYSPNEA :
感覺喘不過氣、呼吸費力或短促的症狀,
常見於心肺疾病(如哮喘、肺炎、心衰竭、COPD)或心理因素,表現為「胸悶」、「喘不過氣」等 .

呼吸急促 (Tachypnea):
呼吸頻率加快。

呼吸窘迫 (Respiratory Distress):
呼吸費力,常伴隨外在表現。

空氣飢/空氣饑渴 (Air Hunger):
極度渴望空氣的感覺。

Dyspnea – Definition

→ Subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing
→ Indicates respiratory, cardiac, vascular, or airway pathology

1️⃣ Pulmonary Bronchial Constriction

→ Narrowing of airways → increased airway resistance

Common Causes
→ Bronchial asthma
→ COPD (chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
→ Anaphylaxis
→ Bronchospasm (drugs, allergens)

Clinical Clues
→ Wheezing
→ Prolonged expiration
→ Use of accessory muscles
→ Improved with bronchodilators

2️⃣ Possible Foreign Body (Upper Airway Obstruction)

→ Mechanical blockage of upper airway (larynx/trachea)

Common Causes
→ Foreign body aspiration
→ Laryngeal edema
→ Tumors
→ Post-intubation stenosis

Clinical Clues
→ Sudden onset dyspnea
→ Stridor (inspiratory)
→ Voice change
→ Choking episode (especially in children)

⚠️ Airway emergency

3️⃣ Pulmonary Embolus

→ Acute obstruction of pulmonary arteries → ventilation-perfusion mismatch

Common Causes
→ Deep vein thrombosis
→ Post-surgery / immobilization
→ Malignancy
→ Pregnancy / OCP use

Clinical Clues
→ Sudden dyspnea
→ Pleuritic chest pain
→ Tachycardia
→ Hemoptysis (sometimes)
→ Normal chest auscultation possible

4️⃣ Pneumothorax

→ Air in pleural space → lung collapse

Common Causes
→ Spontaneous (primary/secondary)
→ Trauma
→ Mechanical ventilation

Clinical Clues
→ Sudden unilateral dyspnea
→ Sharp chest pain
→ Reduced breath sounds on one side
→ Hyperresonance on percussion
→ Tracheal deviation (tension pneumothorax)

⚠️ Tension pneumothorax = immediate decompression

5️⃣ Pump Failure (Cardiac Cause)

→ Inadequate cardiac output → pulmonary congestion

Common Causes
→ Left ventricular failure
→ Acute myocardial infarction
→ Valvular heart disease
→ Cardiomyopathy

Clinical Clues
→ Orthopnea
→ Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
→ Basal crepitations
→ Raised JVP
→ Peripheral edema

6️⃣ Pneumonia

→ Infection of lung parenchyma → impaired gas exchange

Common Causes
→ Bacterial pneumonia
→ Viral pneumonia
→ Aspiration pneumonia

Clinical Clues
→ Fever
→ Cough with sputum
→ Pleuritic chest pain
→ Crackles / bronchial breath sounds
→ Hypoxia

06/01/2026

A) 什么是肛瘘 ?A**l Fistula (3)

肛瘘是一种常见的肛肠疾病,它主要由肛门部位的慢性感染引起,可能会导致肛门部位出现分泌物、疼痛,甚至出血等症状。这些症状与痔疮相似,但它们是两种不同的疾病。痔疮是肛门和直肠部位的静脉肿胀,而肛瘘则是由肛门腺发炎、堵塞和细菌感染引起的。有时,肛瘘源于肠道,通过肛管内口进入肛门。随着感染和堵塞的扩大,细菌会在附近形成受感染的组织和脓液。随着脓液的积累,它会逐渐穿过肌肉层,直到在肛管和肛门附近的表层皮肤之间形成一个连接腔,以便排出脓液,从而形成肛瘘。有时,肛瘘是肛周脓肿经手术引流的结果。

肛瘘可分为单纯性肛瘘和复杂性肛瘘。单纯性肛瘘的治疗相对简单,而复杂性肛瘘的治疗难度和复杂性则较大。肛瘘的治疗方式有多种,每种方式的成功率、复发几率和优缺点都不尽相同,医生会根据患者的具体情况选择最适合的手术治疗方法。


值得注意的是,肛瘘的发病率相当高,它可能发生在所有年龄和性别的患者身上。因此,如果出现肛瘘的症状,患者应及时就医,以免延误治疗,导致病情加重。同时,患者也应该知道,肛瘘是一种常见的疾病,没有必要因为感到尴尬而不敢就医。

B)肛瘘的原因 。。。

肛瘘是由肛门腺的炎症、堵塞和细菌感染引起的,有时起源于肠道,通过肛门管的内部开口进入。随着感染和堵塞的加重,细菌堆积导致附近形成感染组织和脓液。随着脓液的积累,它逐渐穿过肌肉层,直到在肛门管和靠近肛门的表面皮肤之间形成一个连接腔,以便排脓,从而形成肛瘘。有时,肛瘘是手术引流的肛门周围脓肿的结果。

C) 肛瘘的症状 。。。都是

肛门周围肿胀、发红和瘙痒
肛门口附近有黄色分泌物/脓液或出血
肛门疼痛
肛门周围出现孔洞或硬组织
肛瘘与痔疮有何不同?

这两种疾病的症状相似:便血和肛门疼痛。而痔疮则是肛门和直肠部位的静脉肿胀,导致一个柔软的肿块从肛门突出。有时可能会有一些疼痛,但通常不会有脓性分泌物。而肛瘘通常看起来像一个硬块,一般会引起剧烈疼痛,并伴有分泌物或脓液,有时肛门部位还会出血。此外,痔疮可以通过行为调整、橡皮筋结扎和注射治疗来治愈,而肛瘘则需要由专业医生进行手术治疗。
肛瘘能自愈吗?何时应就医治疗?

肛瘘不会自行痊愈,通常是慢性的。为了有效治疗和治愈肛瘘,降低复发几率,避免造成大小便失禁,患者有必要接受手术治疗。如果肛门部位出现疼痛或脓性分泌物,应尽快就医,接受最适当的诊断和治疗。
肛瘘的诊断

D) 回顾患者的病史:专科医生会首先询问您的症状和病史,然后进行诊断。

体格检查:
医生会检查肛门周围的皮肤,查看是否有发红、化脓、出血等情况。

核磁共振成像:
如果怀疑瘘管复杂或瘘管较难找到,医生可能会考虑进行核磁共振成像扫描,以便更好、更清晰地观察瘘管内口和外口之间的瘘道。这样,医生就能提供最准确、最有效的治疗。
有没有非手术治疗肛瘘的方法?

E)目前,尚无有效的非手术治疗方法。肛瘘只能通过手术治疗。
肛瘘手术治疗方法

根据瘘管的位置和复杂程度,有多种手术方法可供选择。但原则上,手术的目的是彻底清除肛瘘、防止复发和保护括约肌,因为括约肌受损会导致大便失禁。
单纯性肛瘘

单纯性肛瘘可通过开放手术(瘘管切开术或瘘管切除术)进行治疗。在瘘管切开术中,外科医生会在瘘管的内口切开一个小口,刮除并排出所有脓液和感染组织。瘘管切除术则是切除整个瘘管。伤口会自然愈合,新的组织会生长并填补缺口。组织愈合大约需要一个月的时间。瘘管切除术的治愈率约为 90%,复发几率仅为 10%。不过,这种方法可能会产生副作用--如果医生技术不够熟练,过度切除括约肌,患者可能会出现大便失禁。因此,手术必须由技术精湛、经验丰富的医生进行。

F) 复杂性肛瘘 。。。

如果是深瘘管或多瘘管,则不能完全切除瘘管,因为这需要切除过多的括约肌,从而导致大便失禁。因此,有必要采用其他手术方法:

括约肌间瘘管结扎术(LIFT)是一种封闭瘘管内部开口的手术,目的是阻止肛门内的细菌进入瘘管。这种手术不会损伤肛门括约肌,患者可以放心,术后不会出现大小便失禁问题。
套管置入术是将丝线或乳胶线(套管)置入瘘管,帮助排出感染。套管会逐渐收紧,使其后面的瘘管越来越小,让身体逐渐愈合伤口并进行自我修复。采用这种方法,虽然套管会缓慢地切开肛门括约肌,但在整个手术过程中,身体有时间逐渐、持续地修复组织,从而避免大便失禁。
直肠前移瓣是指在切除瘘管内口之前,从直肠壁内侧取下粘膜组织。然后用皮瓣覆盖修复处。这种治疗方法的原理是封闭内部开口,从而防止细菌从内部进入,让外部部分逐渐愈合。

激光治疗是将激光探头插入瘘管的外部开口,以封闭整个管道。激光发出的能量会逐渐破坏脓肿组织,使其萎缩成疤痕组织。当激光从瘘管内口向外口缓慢回流时,就会密封并关闭后面的通道。

在上述 4 种手术方法中,没有一种方法被认为是 100% 有效的。相反,每种方法都有大约 60-70% 的疗效;也就是说,仍有一定的复发几率。尽管如此,所有这些方法都有一个很大的优点,那就是如果第一次治疗不成功,还可以重复使用这些治疗方法,因为在手术过程中不会切除或过度切割肛门括约肌。

06/01/2026

A) 什么是肛瘘 ?A**l Fistula (2)

肛瘘是一种常见的肛肠疾病,它主要由肛门部位的慢性感染引起,可能会导致肛门部位出现分泌物、疼痛,甚至出血等症状。这些症状与痔疮相似,但它们是两种不同的疾病。痔疮是肛门和直肠部位的静脉肿胀,而肛瘘则是由肛门腺发炎、堵塞和细菌感染引起的。有时,肛瘘源于肠道,通过肛管内口进入肛门。随着感染和堵塞的扩大,细菌会在附近形成受感染的组织和脓液。随着脓液的积累,它会逐渐穿过肌肉层,直到在肛管和肛门附近的表层皮肤之间形成一个连接腔,以便排出脓液,从而形成肛瘘。有时,肛瘘是肛周脓肿经手术引流的结果。

肛瘘可分为单纯性肛瘘和复杂性肛瘘。单纯性肛瘘的治疗相对简单,而复杂性肛瘘的治疗难度和复杂性则较大。肛瘘的治疗方式有多种,每种方式的成功率、复发几率和优缺点都不尽相同,医生会根据患者的具体情况选择最适合的手术治疗方法。


值得注意的是,肛瘘的发病率相当高,它可能发生在所有年龄和性别的患者身上。因此,如果出现肛瘘的症状,患者应及时就医,以免延误治疗,导致病情加重。同时,患者也应该知道,肛瘘是一种常见的疾病,没有必要因为感到尴尬而不敢就医。

B)肛瘘的原因 。。。

肛瘘是由肛门腺的炎症、堵塞和细菌感染引起的,有时起源于肠道,通过肛门管的内部开口进入。随着感染和堵塞的加重,细菌堆积导致附近形成感染组织和脓液。随着脓液的积累,它逐渐穿过肌肉层,直到在肛门管和靠近肛门的表面皮肤之间形成一个连接腔,以便排脓,从而形成肛瘘。有时,肛瘘是手术引流的肛门周围脓肿的结果。

C) 肛瘘的症状 。。。都是

肛门周围肿胀、发红和瘙痒
肛门口附近有黄色分泌物/脓液或出血
肛门疼痛
肛门周围出现孔洞或硬组织
肛瘘与痔疮有何不同?

这两种疾病的症状相似:便血和肛门疼痛。而痔疮则是肛门和直肠部位的静脉肿胀,导致一个柔软的肿块从肛门突出。有时可能会有一些疼痛,但通常不会有脓性分泌物。而肛瘘通常看起来像一个硬块,一般会引起剧烈疼痛,并伴有分泌物或脓液,有时肛门部位还会出血。此外,痔疮可以通过行为调整、橡皮筋结扎和注射治疗来治愈,而肛瘘则需要由专业医生进行手术治疗。
肛瘘能自愈吗?何时应就医治疗?

肛瘘不会自行痊愈,通常是慢性的。为了有效治疗和治愈肛瘘,降低复发几率,避免造成大小便失禁,患者有必要接受手术治疗。如果肛门部位出现疼痛或脓性分泌物,应尽快就医,接受最适当的诊断和治疗。
肛瘘的诊断

D) 回顾患者的病史:专科医生会首先询问您的症状和病史,然后进行诊断。

体格检查:
医生会检查肛门周围的皮肤,查看是否有发红、化脓、出血等情况。

核磁共振成像:
如果怀疑瘘管复杂或瘘管较难找到,医生可能会考虑进行核磁共振成像扫描,以便更好、更清晰地观察瘘管内口和外口之间的瘘道。这样,医生就能提供最准确、最有效的治疗。
有没有非手术治疗肛瘘的方法?

E)目前,尚无有效的非手术治疗方法。肛瘘只能通过手术治疗。
肛瘘手术治疗方法

根据瘘管的位置和复杂程度,有多种手术方法可供选择。但原则上,手术的目的是彻底清除肛瘘、防止复发和保护括约肌,因为括约肌受损会导致大便失禁。
单纯性肛瘘

单纯性肛瘘可通过开放手术(瘘管切开术或瘘管切除术)进行治疗。在瘘管切开术中,外科医生会在瘘管的内口切开一个小口,刮除并排出所有脓液和感染组织。瘘管切除术则是切除整个瘘管。伤口会自然愈合,新的组织会生长并填补缺口。组织愈合大约需要一个月的时间。瘘管切除术的治愈率约为 90%,复发几率仅为 10%。不过,这种方法可能会产生副作用--如果医生技术不够熟练,过度切除括约肌,患者可能会出现大便失禁。因此,手术必须由技术精湛、经验丰富的医生进行。

F) 复杂性肛瘘 。。。

如果是深瘘管或多瘘管,则不能完全切除瘘管,因为这需要切除过多的括约肌,从而导致大便失禁。因此,有必要采用其他手术方法:

括约肌间瘘管结扎术(LIFT)是一种封闭瘘管内部开口的手术,目的是阻止肛门内的细菌进入瘘管。这种手术不会损伤肛门括约肌,患者可以放心,术后不会出现大小便失禁问题。
套管置入术是将丝线或乳胶线(套管)置入瘘管,帮助排出感染。套管会逐渐收紧,使其后面的瘘管越来越小,让身体逐渐愈合伤口并进行自我修复。采用这种方法,虽然套管会缓慢地切开肛门括约肌,但在整个手术过程中,身体有时间逐渐、持续地修复组织,从而避免大便失禁。
直肠前移瓣是指在切除瘘管内口之前,从直肠壁内侧取下粘膜组织。然后用皮瓣覆盖修复处。这种治疗方法的原理是封闭内部开口,从而防止细菌从内部进入,让外部部分逐渐愈合。

激光治疗是将激光探头插入瘘管的外部开口,以封闭整个管道。激光发出的能量会逐渐破坏脓肿组织,使其萎缩成疤痕组织。当激光从瘘管内口向外口缓慢回流时,就会密封并关闭后面的通道。

在上述 4 种手术方法中,没有一种方法被认为是 100% 有效的。相反,每种方法都有大约 60-70% 的疗效;也就是说,仍有一定的复发几率。尽管如此,所有这些方法都有一个很大的优点,那就是如果第一次治疗不成功,还可以重复使用这些治疗方法,因为在手术过程中不会切除或过度切割肛门括约肌。

06/01/2026

A) 什么是肛瘘 ?A**l Fistula. By

肛瘘是一种常见的肛肠疾病,它主要由肛门部位的慢性感染引起,可能会导致肛门部位出现分泌物、疼痛,甚至出血等症状。这些症状与痔疮相似,但它们是两种不同的疾病。痔疮是肛门和直肠部位的静脉肿胀,而肛瘘则是由肛门腺发炎、堵塞和细菌感染引起的。有时,肛瘘源于肠道,通过肛管内口进入肛门。随着感染和堵塞的扩大,细菌会在附近形成受感染的组织和脓液。随着脓液的积累,它会逐渐穿过肌肉层,直到在肛管和肛门附近的表层皮肤之间形成一个连接腔,以便排出脓液,从而形成肛瘘。有时,肛瘘是肛周脓肿经手术引流的结果。

肛瘘可分为单纯性肛瘘和复杂性肛瘘。单纯性肛瘘的治疗相对简单,而复杂性肛瘘的治疗难度和复杂性则较大。肛瘘的治疗方式有多种,每种方式的成功率、复发几率和优缺点都不尽相同,医生会根据患者的具体情况选择最适合的手术治疗方法。


值得注意的是,肛瘘的发病率相当高,它可能发生在所有年龄和性别的患者身上。因此,如果出现肛瘘的症状,患者应及时就医,以免延误治疗,导致病情加重。同时,患者也应该知道,肛瘘是一种常见的疾病,没有必要因为感到尴尬而不敢就医。

B)肛瘘的原因 。。。

肛瘘是由肛门腺的炎症、堵塞和细菌感染引起的,有时起源于肠道,通过肛门管的内部开口进入。随着感染和堵塞的加重,细菌堆积导致附近形成感染组织和脓液。随着脓液的积累,它逐渐穿过肌肉层,直到在肛门管和靠近肛门的表面皮肤之间形成一个连接腔,以便排脓,从而形成肛瘘。有时,肛瘘是手术引流的肛门周围脓肿的结果。

C) 肛瘘的症状 。。。都是

肛门周围肿胀、发红和瘙痒
肛门口附近有黄色分泌物/脓液或出血
肛门疼痛
肛门周围出现孔洞或硬组织
肛瘘与痔疮有何不同?

这两种疾病的症状相似:便血和肛门疼痛。而痔疮则是肛门和直肠部位的静脉肿胀,导致一个柔软的肿块从肛门突出。有时可能会有一些疼痛,但通常不会有脓性分泌物。而肛瘘通常看起来像一个硬块,一般会引起剧烈疼痛,并伴有分泌物或脓液,有时肛门部位还会出血。此外,痔疮可以通过行为调整、橡皮筋结扎和注射治疗来治愈,而肛瘘则需要由专业医生进行手术治疗。
肛瘘能自愈吗?何时应就医治疗?

肛瘘不会自行痊愈,通常是慢性的。为了有效治疗和治愈肛瘘,降低复发几率,避免造成大小便失禁,患者有必要接受手术治疗。如果肛门部位出现疼痛或脓性分泌物,应尽快就医,接受最适当的诊断和治疗。
肛瘘的诊断

D) 回顾患者的病史:专科医生会首先询问您的症状和病史,然后进行诊断。

体格检查:
医生会检查肛门周围的皮肤,查看是否有发红、化脓、出血等情况。

核磁共振成像:
如果怀疑瘘管复杂或瘘管较难找到,医生可能会考虑进行核磁共振成像扫描,以便更好、更清晰地观察瘘管内口和外口之间的瘘道。这样,医生就能提供最准确、最有效的治疗。
有没有非手术治疗肛瘘的方法?

E)目前,尚无有效的非手术治疗方法。肛瘘只能通过手术治疗。
肛瘘手术治疗方法

根据瘘管的位置和复杂程度,有多种手术方法可供选择。但原则上,手术的目的是彻底清除肛瘘、防止复发和保护括约肌,因为括约肌受损会导致大便失禁。
单纯性肛瘘

单纯性肛瘘可通过开放手术(瘘管切开术或瘘管切除术)进行治疗。在瘘管切开术中,外科医生会在瘘管的内口切开一个小口,刮除并排出所有脓液和感染组织。瘘管切除术则是切除整个瘘管。伤口会自然愈合,新的组织会生长并填补缺口。组织愈合大约需要一个月的时间。瘘管切除术的治愈率约为 90%,复发几率仅为 10%。不过,这种方法可能会产生副作用--如果医生技术不够熟练,过度切除括约肌,患者可能会出现大便失禁。因此,手术必须由技术精湛、经验丰富的医生进行。

F) 复杂性肛瘘 。。。

如果是深瘘管或多瘘管,则不能完全切除瘘管,因为这需要切除过多的括约肌,从而导致大便失禁。因此,有必要采用其他手术方法:

括约肌间瘘管结扎术(LIFT)是一种封闭瘘管内部开口的手术,目的是阻止肛门内的细菌进入瘘管。这种手术不会损伤肛门括约肌,患者可以放心,术后不会出现大小便失禁问题。
套管置入术是将丝线或乳胶线(套管)置入瘘管,帮助排出感染。套管会逐渐收紧,使其后面的瘘管越来越小,让身体逐渐愈合伤口并进行自我修复。采用这种方法,虽然套管会缓慢地切开肛门括约肌,但在整个手术过程中,身体有时间逐渐、持续地修复组织,从而避免大便失禁。
直肠前移瓣是指在切除瘘管内口之前,从直肠壁内侧取下粘膜组织。然后用皮瓣覆盖修复处。这种治疗方法的原理是封闭内部开口,从而防止细菌从内部进入,让外部部分逐渐愈合。

激光治疗是将激光探头插入瘘管的外部开口,以封闭整个管道。激光发出的能量会逐渐破坏脓肿组织,使其萎缩成疤痕组织。当激光从瘘管内口向外口缓慢回流时,就会密封并关闭后面的通道。

在上述 4 种手术方法中,没有一种方法被认为是 100% 有效的。相反,每种方法都有大约 60-70% 的疗效;也就是说,仍有一定的复发几率。尽管如此,所有这些方法都有一个很大的优点,那就是如果第一次治疗不成功,还可以重复使用这些治疗方法,因为在手术过程中不会切除或过度切割肛门括约肌。

“ Plaquenil 200 mg “ tablets contain the active ingredient (HydroxyChloroquine Sulfate / HCQ) , which is a prescription ...
06/01/2026

“ Plaquenil 200 mg “ tablets contain the active ingredient (HydroxyChloroquine Sulfate / HCQ) , which is a prescription medication primarily used to treat (AutoImmune Diseases) like Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Lupus (SLE) , as well as to prevent and treat certain types of Malaria. It works by modulating the immune system to reduce inflammation.

A) Key Information 。。。
Active Ingredient :
Each tablet contains 200 mg of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, which is equivalent to 155 mg of hydroxychloroquine base.

Administration :
Tablets are for oral use only and should be swallowed whole (not crushed or divided). To reduce stomach upset, the medication should be taken with food or milk.

Dosage :
The dosage and frequency depend on the condition being treated and the patient's body weight, and must be determined by a doctor. Typical maintenance doses for Arthritis or Lupus are (200 mg to 400)mg daily.

Efficacy Timeline :
The beneficial effects of Plaquenil are cumulative and may take several weeks to months for maximum therapeutic effect.

B)Important Precautions and Side Effects :
Ocular Toxicity :
Plaquenil can cause serious, potentially irreversible retinal damage with long-term use or high doses. Regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist (usually annually) are essential during treatment.

Cardiotoxicity :
Rare but serious and potentially life-threatening heart rhythm problems and cardiomyopathy have been reported.

Hypoglycemia:
The medication can cause dangerously low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), even in patients without diabetes.

Common Side Effects :
The most frequent side effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, and skin rash.

Pregnancy/Breastfeeding :
Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not generally recommended and should be discussed with a doctor due to potential risks to the infant. The American College of Rheumatology states it has been shown to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, highlighting the need to consult a healthcare provider for the most up-to-date and specific guidance.

Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment regarding Plaquenil 200 mg, as it is a prescription medication with potential risks and interactions.

1) “ NSAIDs “ (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) : reduce pain/inflammation by blocking prostaglandins (COX enzymes)...
06/01/2026

1) “ NSAIDs “ (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) : reduce pain/inflammation by blocking prostaglandins (COX enzymes), good for everyday aches but stomach/kidney risks;

2) While “ SAIDs “ (Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, or corticosteroids) : are stronger, work by suppressing the entire immune response, used for severe conditions, but have broader systemic side effects like bone/blood sugar impact, with NSAIDs offering good pain relief and SAIDs better swelling control.

3) NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) 。。。
a) Mechanism :
Block cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, stopping the production of prostaglandins that cause pain, fever, and inflammation.

b) Uses :
Common pain (headaches, muscle aches), fever, mild inflammation (ibuprofen, naproxen).

c) Pros :
Good initial pain relief, readily available.

d) Cons :
Stomach issues (ulcers, bleeding), kidney problems, potential heart/blood pressure risks.

4) SAIDs (Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs/Corticosteroids) 。。。
a) Mechanism :
Inhibit phospholipase A2, blocking both COX and lipoxygenase pathways, powerfully suppressing the immune response and reducing swelling/redness.

b) Uses :
Severe inflammation, autoimmune diseases, asthma (prednisone, cortisone).

c) Pros :
More potent anti-inflammatory effects, can sequester white blood cells from inflammation sites.

d) Cons :
Significant systemic side effects: weight gain, high blood pressure, bone thinning, blood sugar issues.

5) Key Differences Summarized 。。。
a) Potency :
Steroids (SAIDs) are much stronger than NSAIDs.

b) Scope :
NSAIDs target specific pain chemicals; steroids broadly suppress the immune system.

c) Application :
NSAIDs for common issues, steroids for severe inflammation.

d) Side Effects:
NSAIDs affect GI/kidneys; SAIDs impact multiple systems (bones, metabolism, immune system).

“ Raccoon eyes ”are bruises around your eyes where blood pools underneath your skin. The bruises are darker than your na...
05/01/2026

“ Raccoon eyes ”are bruises around your eyes where blood pools underneath your skin. The bruises are darker than your natural skin tone and are often blue to purple. It’s usually a sign of an injury, like a skull fracture. After an injury, it could take up to three days for them to appear and up to two weeks for them to clear up.

醫學上的「浣熊眼」(Raccoon Eyes),是指眼周(眼瞼和眼眶周圍)出現瘀血或黑眼圈,外觀類似浣熊的眼部斑紋。它通常是顱底骨折(尤其是中顱窩骨折)的跡象,表示有出血滲入眼眶。然而,它也可能由鼻竇感染或其他原因引起,所以需要醫學評估以確定根本原因,絕非僅是美容問題。

醫學上的意義 。。。
顱底骨折(Skull Fracture):
這是最常見且最嚴重的成因,表示頭部受到嚴重撞擊。

中顱窩骨折(Middle Fossa Fracture):
血液會從骨折處流到眼眶周圍。

其他原因:
除了創傷,鼻竇感染、多發性骨髓瘤、神經母細胞瘤、澱粉樣變性等疾病也可能導致。

症狀 。。。
雙側眼周出現瘀青,顏色可能從藍色到紫色。

可能在頭部受傷後數小時至三天出現。

伴隨其他症狀:如果伴有疼痛、視力變化、發燒、耳道出血 (Battle's sign) 或腦脊液外漏,則更可能是嚴重創傷的警訊。

重要性 。。。
警訊標誌:
浣熊眼(Raccoon sign)是物理檢查中一個容易識別的警訊,提示可能存在嚴重的潛在疾病。

需要就醫:
如果出現浣熊眼,尤其是沒有明顯外傷,或伴有其他症狀時,應立即尋求醫療協助,進行全面評估。

總結:
醫學上的浣熊眼是一個重要的臨床標誌,主要與顱底骨折相關,需要醫療專業人員診斷以排除嚴重狀況。

Common injuries that cause raccoon eyes include:

1)Basal skull fracture (broken bone at the bottom of your skull).

2)Orbital fracture (broken bone around your eyes).

3)Crushing injuries (thoracic trauma).

4)Broken blood vessels (venous hemorrhage or bleeding) after strong sneezing, coughing or vomiting.

Most fractures and injuries happen after an accident with blunt force trauma, like a vehicle crash, for example. You don’t get raccoon eyes immediately after an injury. You might notice the sign one to three days after the event.

In addition, you may experience raccoon eyes after a cosmetic or facial surgery like rhinoplasty or other medical procedures.

05/01/2026

“A**l Fistula Laser Closure" : 肛瘘激光闭合术

“ Doxazosin “ is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and urinary obstruction due ...
05/01/2026

“ Doxazosin “ is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and urinary obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Doxazosin is an alpha-1 antagonist used for the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) symptoms and hypertension.

5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) :Are drugs like finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart) that blo...
05/01/2026

5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) :

Are drugs like finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart) that block the enzyme 5α-reductase, preventing testosterone from converting to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

They treat conditions like enlarged prostate (BPH) and male pattern baldness by lowering DHT levels, but can have side effects, and are also used for excess hair growth in women and transgender hormone therapy.

A) How They Work 。。。
I) The enzyme 5α-reductase converts testosterone into DHT.

II) DHT is a potent androgen that contributes to prostate growth and hair follicles shrinking (hair loss).

III) By inhibiting this enzyme, 5-ARIs reduce DHT, shrinking the prostate and slowing hair loss.

B)Common Examples 。。。
I) Finasteride:
Available as Propecia (1mg for hair loss) and Proscar (5mg for BPH).

II) Dutasteride:
Marketed as Avodart, also combined with tamsulosin in Jalyn for BPH.

C) Uses 。。。
I) Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH):
To shrink enlarged prostate.

II) Androgenic Alopecia (Male Pattern Baldness):
To prevent hair loss and promote regrowth.

III) Hirsutism:
Excess hair growth in women.

IV) Hormone Therapy:
For transgender women.

D) Considerations 。。。
While effective, these medications can have side effects, including potential sexual side effects that may persist after stopping the drug.

Doxazosin (Alpha-Blocker) & Finasteride (5-Alpha-Reductase inhibitor) :Are used together for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasi...
05/01/2026

Doxazosin (Alpha-Blocker) &
Finasteride (5-Alpha-Reductase inhibitor) :

Are used together for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) to relax prostate muscles and shrink the prostate, respectively, offering greater relief for moderate-to-severe symptoms and larger prostates than either drug alone, significantly reducing progression risk, retention, and need for surgery in men with larger glands (≥ 25 mL).

Doxazosin quickly improves flow, while Finasteride reduces prostate size over time, making the combination superior for long-term outcomes, especially in men with larger prostates.

A) How They Work 。。。
I) Doxazosin (Alpha-Blocker):
Relaxes smooth muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow quickly.

II) Finasteride (5-alpha-reductase inhibitor):
Blocks the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), shrinking the prostate gland over months to years.

B)Why They're Combined 。。。
I) Complementary Actions:
They target different aspects of BPH – one relaxes, the other shrinks.

II) Greater Efficacy:
Studies, like the MTOPS trial, showed combination therapy significantly reduced BPH progression, acute urinary retention, and need for surgery compared to single-drug therapy.

III) Targeted Use:
Most beneficial for men with moderate-to-severe symptoms and a prostate volume of 25 mL or larger.

IV) Symptom Relief:
Doxazosin provides faster symptom improvement, while finasteride addresses the underlying prostate growth, leading to better overall outcomes long-term.

C) Key Study Findings (MTOPS Trial) 。。。
I) For Large Glands (≥ 25 mL): Combination therapy was significantly better than either drug alone at reducing clinical progression and the need for invasive treatment.

II) Overall Progression:
Combination therapy reduced the risk of overall clinical progression by 66% compared to placebo.

III) Individual Drugs:
Doxazosin alone improved symptoms and flow more than finasteride alone, but the combination offered the best long-term protection.

Q1) Can finasteride and doxazosin be taken together ?
Treatment with doxazosin and doxazosin plus finasteride resulted in significantly greater improvements statistically in both obstructive and irritative symptoms compared with placebo or finasteride.

Q2) Is doxazosin the same as finasteride ?
Proscar (finasteride) and Cardura (doxazosin) are both used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but they work differently and have different uses.

Q3) What drugs should not be taken with doxazosin ?
There are some medicines that can affect the way doxazosin works. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you're taking: medicines for erectile dysfunction, such as sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil. other medicines for high blood pressure – when taking doxazosin they can sometimes lower your blood pressure too much.

Q4) Is doxazosin good for an enlarged prostate ?
Doxazosin helps to reduce the symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland by relaxing the muscle around the bladder and prostate gland so you can p*e more easily. This medicine is only available on prescription and comes as tablets.

Q5) What is the best combination drug for BPH ?
A fixed-dose combination capsule of tamsulosin 0.4 mg and dutasteride 0.5 mg (Jalyn) is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of symptomatic BPH in men with an enlarged prostate.

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