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A day with Nana Aisha, College of medicine, University of Lagos, Amukoko (2026)

16/10/2022

Good day ladies and gentlemen❤️
Here comes another episode of "A DAY WITH NANA AISHA" and our topic for today is;
HEADACHE,ITS MULTIFARIOUSNESS AND DISCREET THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW.

Headache is a painful sensation felt in any part of the head, ranging from sharp to dull that's likely to occur with other symptoms.

Types of headache
1. Primary headaches
2. Secondary headaches.

PRIMARY HEADACHES
Primary headaches are the headaches caused by the disorder of the head. They include:-
1. Tension headache (most common)
2. Migraine
3. Cluster headache

TENSION HEADACHE:-
Tension headache is also known as STRESS HEADACHE. It's a muscle related type of headache caused by overactivity of structure in the head. It affects 60-80% of population. It is bilateral (mostly forehead) and nuchal-occipital (back neck and back head) and non-pulsatile. It is not related with other symptoms like Nausea/vomiting.
Causes of Tension Headache:-
Poor sleep/insomnia
Anxiety/stress
Temporomandibular joint disorder
Vitamin deficiencies especially vitamin B12 and vitamin D
Depression
Dehydration
Hunger
Noise exposure
Poor posture (sitting or using computers for long with bad posture)
Tension headaches could be Episodic or Chronic.
Episodic Tension headaches could be frequent(when it occurs less than 15 times per months for over 3 months) and infrequent (when it occurs for less than 1 day per month on average) while Chronic types occurs for more than 15 times per month for over 3 months and It is sometimes associated with vitamin deficiencies.
Treatment:-
Identify and avoid the causes and what could trigger the headache.
Sometimes, resting is helpful even without treatment.

MIGRAINE:-
Migraine is a severe pain or pulsing sensation usually on one side of the head. It is the 2nd most common types of headache. It is mostly unilateral with some symptoms like Nausea/vomiting, photophobia (fear of light), phonophobia (fear of sound), numbness/tingling and muscle weakness. About ⅓ (20%) of migraine sufferers experiences an AURA as the first symptom of an attack.
AURA is a sensation like cold breeze or bright light that precedes the onset of certain disorders such as migraine attack or epileptic seizure.
Causes of Migraine
1. Genetics (family history)
2. Environmental factors
3. Brain stem changes
4. Imbalance in neurotransmitters.
5. Hormonal changes in women likewise the use of oral contraceptives and drinking of alcohol,wine and coffee can also trigger migraines.
NB: women are 3 times more likely to have migraine.

Treatments
1. Pain reliving medications which could be an acute or abortive treatment to stop symptoms.
2. Preventive medications which is taken regularly to reduce the severity or frequency of migraine.

CLUSTER HEADACHE:-
It affects about 0.1% of population (not always common). It is also known as su***de headache. It is unilateral (cyclical) which affects the eye and the temple region. It has a short duration of below 4 hours.
It is precipitated by drinking alcohol and is more common in young men and smokers.
It could be Episodic or Chronic
Episodic Cluster Headache usually occurs between 7-365 days of the year with at least 1 month of complete remission.
Chronic Cluster Headache are pains ongoing beyond a year and less than 1 month of complete remission.

Symptoms associated are:-
Sweating
1. Tearing (continuous dropping of tears from the eye)
2. Hyperemia (an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other parts of the body. It usually happens when organs need more blood than usual).
3. Ptosis (drooping of the eyelid).
4. Rhinorrhea/runny nose (free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose).
5. Restlessness.

SECONDARY HEADACHES
Secondary headaches are serious and life threatening headaches that occurs due to underlying disorders. It could be as a result of taction and inflammation like:-
Intracranial Tumors
Infection (meningitis/encephalitis)
Haemorrhage
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Giant cell arteritis
Intracranial hypertension
Medication overuse headache
NB: Headaches due to psychiatric disease is also considered secondary.

Do well to stay healthy, rest, eat a balanced meal and drink enough water.
See you next time alive and healthy. ❤️

All suggestions and questions are welcome in the comment section.

Special thanks to;
Adewunmi Ibraheem
Adeoye Abdullah
Olatunde Monsuroh
Odebunmi M.O
Alayande Lukman
Olalekan Alabi
For their supports both online and offline for the success and continuation of this program. Thank you so much comrades

13/03/2022

Good day my lovely ladies and my amiable gentlemen.😊
I still remain your loyal girl, Oyebola Aisha Opeyemi.
I welcome you all to another edition of A DAY WITH NANA AISHA

Our topic for today is "A comprehensive breakdown of the notorious diabetes"

Firstly, what is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs either when the pancreas (organ that secretes insulin and pancreatic juice) cannot produce enough insulin(a polypeptide hormone that regulates the metabolism of sugar in the body)or when the body cannot use the insulin produced effectively for the breaking down of sugar.

Types of Diabetes
We have two main types of diabetes.
1. Diabetes mellitus
2. Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes Mellitus:- this is a type of diabetes that has to do with insulin production and usage. And it can be subdivided into:-
TYPE 1 DIABETES:- A chronic rare condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. This condition can be managed but can't be cured as it is a genetic disorder that often show in early stage of life.
Special treatment involve INSULIN THERAPY

TYPE 2 DIABETES:- (very common). It's a condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose) physiologically, either the glucose is more than the insulin produced or the body cannot process the available insulin with the physiological effects of the body. This condition can be managed as it is related to diet and develops overtime.
Special treatment requires the use of anti-diabetic medications.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES:- It's the rise in blood glucose above normal but below the diagnostic values for diabetes during pregnancy.

TYPE 4 DIABETES:- It is the proposed name for diabetes caused by insulin resistance in older people.

Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Heavy thirst
3. Blurry vision
4. Peeing a lot especially at night
5. Fatigue
6. Tingling feet
7. Sugar in urine. (This could be noticed when ants surround the surface of urination)
8. Weight loss
9. Slow healing of wounds and cuts.

Treatments
The best treatment is self care which include:-
1. Reduction of sugar intake
2. Avoid smoking and drinking of alcohol (alcoholic drinks contain A LOT of sugars)
3. Reduction in the intake of salt
4. Engage in exercise frequently at least 5 times a week.
5. Monitoring of diet (eating balanced diet is very important) and avoid junk foods
6. Checking fasting blood sugar level frequently
7. A diabetic patient should avoid intake of unprescribed medications
8. Avoid having cuts and wounds.

Diabetes Insipidus:- This has nothing to do with the production and activity of insulin in the body system.It occurs when the body cannot regulate the use of body fluids caused by hormonal abnormality (a very rear condition). The imbalance of fluids leads to production of large amounts of urine which results to heavy thirst.
It is different from diabetes mellitus as the only thing they have in common is heavy thirst and urine

To diagnose this specifically,a blood test is done {to measure the electrolytes (especially Sodium) in the body} and urine test(urinalysis)
Symptoms include:-
Extreme thirst,heavy urination and sometimes bed wetting.
Special treatments include:-
Hormone therapy,low salt diet and drinking more water.

How do we test for diabetes?
Too much of sugars in the body results to a condition know as hyperglycemia (high concentration of glucose in the blood).
The following tests would tell us the amount/concentration of sugar attached to hemoglobin of the red blood cells.

1. The use of glucometer:- a glucometer is a simple machine used to measure the level/amount of blood sugar in the body. (Every home is expected to have this machine). It is portable and very easy to operate.
We use the machine for both fasting blood sugar (FBS) which is suitable for diagnosing diabetes and random blood sugar.
FBS test is done after (usually) 8-10 hours without food or drink. Best taken in the morning before breakfast while random blood sugar test can be done any time.
Values... below 100g/dl(5.6mmol/l) is considered normal (but should not be too low).... between 100-125mg/dl (5.6-6.9mmol/l) is considered prediabetes...... higher than 126mg/dl (7mmol/l) is diabetic.

2. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test:- This is a blood test that does not require fasting. It shows the average blood sugar level for the past 2 months. It is also used to measure the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin.
A1C test below 5.7% is considered normal,5.7% - 6.4% is considered prediabetes and values higher than 6.5% is diabetic.

3. Oral glucose tolerance test:- the blood sugar would be measured after fasting overnight,then a sugary/sweet liquid would be drank and the blood glucose is measured again periodically for 2-3 hours.

Diabetes and wound healing
When blood sugar is extremely high in an individual,it affects the functions of the white blood cells which helps to fight infection and other diseases. Inability of the white blood cells to perform properly would limit the wound healing process, because wounds can have infection and would alter the work of platelets(which helps in blood clotting)

People with uncontrolled diabetes may develop poor circulation which will affect the circulation of blood. The blood will move slowly and won't be able to distribute nutrients to the wound for proper healing.

Also, uncontrolled blood glucose can damage the nerves, a condition known as neuropathy which can also affect wound healing

Diabetes and Hypertension
It is believed that both conditions work hand in hand.
Hypertension affects approximately 70% of patients with diabetes with prevalence depending on type and duration of diabetes,sex,body mass index (BMI),age and history of glycemic control.
When blood with high glucose travels through the body,it weakens the blood vessels and kidneys (both organs helps in maintaining healthy blood pressure) and this can lead to the rise of blood pressure.
Having hypertension increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and vice versa which can also result to the risk of complications like heart attack, improper functioning of the kidneys, vision loss etc.

Our health is very important, we need to take care of it properly 🍉🍌💪🍏🏋️⛹️🧘🌹

I believe you would gained some things in our today's episode of "a day with nana Aisha".
I hope to see you next time alive and in better health condition. Take care of yourself 💪

All questions and suggestions are welcome in the comments section.

Thanks for reading ☺️

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College Of Medicine, University Of Lagos
Amukoko

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