Scientist bravo 9ja

19/10/2025

Identifying bacteria on a Petri dish involves looking at their colony characteristics and sometimes using simple tests. Here’s a structured way to approach it
1. Observe Colony Morphology
Look carefully at the colonies on the agar plate. Note: do this on a clean plate with good lighting, ideally using a colony counter or magnifying glass. Check for:
• Size: small, medium, or large.
• Shape: circular, irregular, filamentous, or rhizoid.
• Margin (edge): smooth, wavy, lobed, or filamentous.
• Elevation: flat, raised, convex, umbonate.
• Color/Pigmentation: white, yellow, red, green, etc.
• Surface: shiny, dull, rough, wrinkled.
• Opacity: transparent, translucent, or opaque.
2. Smell (optional)
Some bacteria have characteristic smells (e.g., Pseudomonas can smell fruity; Proteus has a strong ammonia smell). Only do this safely in a controlled lab.
3. Hemolysis (if using blood agar)
On blood agar, bacteria may lyse red blood cells, which helps identification:
• Alpha hemolysis: partial, greenish discoloration.
• Beta hemolysis: complete clearing around colonies.
• Gamma hemolysis: no change.
4. Simple Stains / Microscopy
Take a small colony and do:
• Gram staining → identifies Gram-positive (purple) or Gram-negative (pink).
• Shape under microscope: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod), spirilla (spiral).
5. Additional Tests
For more accuracy, microbiologists often combine colony observation with:
• Selective/differential media: e.g., MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters turn pink).
• Biochemical tests: catalase, oxidase, coagulase, indole, etc.

18/10/2025

A topic really skimmed over in lecture: immunoglobulins and therapy! 🦠 A helpful way to remember your immunoglobulins is to correlate them with a lil memory trick. Enjoy the little visuals I provided and read up on your nursing care for therapy 💉🩸

16/10/2025

Gene switching‼️
Trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei) are parasites that cause African sleeping sickness. These protozoan parasites spend part of their life cycle in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes), where they have adaptations to living in the fly's gut. The trypanosomes then migrate to the fly's salivary glands and are transmitted to humans and livestock when the fly feeds on mammalian blood. The trypanosomes undergo morphological changes in response to the environment of their new host. African sleeping sickness occurs in Sub-Saharan African, across 36 countries, and threatens the lives of millions of people. The disease causes about 9000 deaths per year. It causes damage to the central nervous system, leading to behavioural changes, confusion, loss of coordination and disturbance to sleep. Without treatment, the disease can be fatal.

T. brucei have up to 1000 genes, which code for proteins that will be positioned on their cell surface, but they can only express one of these genes at a time. When this occurs, one gene is transcribed and the rest are repressed. When a human is infected by a parasite, their immune system will usually recognise the proteins on the cell surface of the parasite and respond by producing antibodies as a defence. However, parasites such as trypanosomes can switch from expressing one gene to another, thereby overcoming the human defence response and evading detection.

04/10/2025

Overview of CAR T-Cell Therapy👇

✅CAR T-cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy) is a form of immunotherapy that uses a patient’s own T cells to fight cancer. The T cells are genetically modified to express special receptors (CARs) that can recognize and attack cancer cells.

✅T cells are collected from the patient’s blood and engineered in a lab to produce CARs on their surface. These modified T cells are then multiplied and infused back into the patient, where they seek out and destroy cancer cells that carry a specific antigen.

✅CAR T-cell therapy is mainly used for certain blood cancers like B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. It’s typically offered when other treatments have failed.

✅The therapy has shown remarkable success in some patients, even those with advanced cancers. However, it can cause serious side effects, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurological problems, so it's administered in specialized centers.

✅Research is ongoing to expand CAR T-cell therapy to treat solid tumors, reduce side effects, and make it more accessible and affordable. New generations of CAR T-cells are also being developed for better targeting and persistence.
‼ FIND THE FULL GUIDE IN THE FIRST COMMNET‼

29/09/2025

http://premierehausamagazinecom.home.blog/2025/09/29/declaration-of-interest/

DDMLS. Hauwa Abdullahi Muhammad Declaration of Interest Good morning Esteemed Elders and Colleagues in Kano State. I, DDMLS. Hauwa Abdullahi Muhammad hereby declare my interest to serve as the Vice…

20/09/2025

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScBW0JEFzHzQ4bTSFbpJ2NNMvGGfYMivWtatM1xT6ipRxZv2A/formResponse
Project Sponsorship Statement
This project is proudly sponsored by our esteemed partners in Switzerland, supporting the advancement of medical education and healthcare delivery. The sponsorship focuses on funding MBBS and Physiotherapy programs to train highly skilled medical professionals and physiotherapists. This initiative aims to improve healthcare access, strengthen clinical expertise, and promote global health collaboration between Switzerland and our community, ensuring sustainable development in the health sector.

15/08/2025

Oosapiens Theory

By: Scientist Abdullahi Ashiru (Bmls,Amls,Cmls,PGDE)

Definition

The Oosapiens Theory is a conceptual framework in human developmental OOTOGENY that focuses on the study of humans delivered at 5, 6, 7, and 12 months of gestational age.
It bridges the understanding of prenatal and postnatal stages of the fetus's life span, integrating both modern fetal classification systems and new diagnostic perspectives.

Core Concepts

Prenatal & Postnatal Stages

• Prenatal Stage: Development inside the womb from conception to delivery, with emphasis on early viability at 5–7 months and exceptional survival at 12 months gestational age.

• Postnatal Stage: Growth, adaptation, and physiological stabilization after delivery, with unique patterns for preterm infants.

Modern Categories of Fetus Life Span

• Ultra-preterm: < 6 months gestational age (Pentosapiens)

• Very preterm: 6–7 months (Hexospiens)

• Late preterm: 8–9 months (Hetosapiens)

• Full term: 9 months (Nonesapiens)

• Post-term: > 9 months (polygosapiens )

Factors Affecting Development

• Biological: Genetic variations, placental efficiency, maternal hormonal balance

• Environmental: Nutrition, toxins, pollution

• Medical: Access to antenatal care, diagnostic technology

• Socioeconomic: Maternal education, healthcare infrastructure

Hormones Involved in Preterm Birth

1. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

• Source: Placenta

• Role: Increases significantly as delivery approaches

Read more on https://medium.com//oosapiens-theory-de5e1255bf47

10/08/2025

Widal Test

1. Objective:

The objective of the Widal test was to detect antibodies (agglutinins) against the Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi antigens in a patient’s serum, helping diagnose enteric (typhoid) fever.

2. Principle:

The test was based on agglutination reaction between specific Salmonella antigens and corresponding antibodies in the patient’s serum. If antibodies were present, they reacted with the antigens to form visible clumps.

3. Materials:

Patient's serum (collected in a plain tube)

Widal antigen suspensions:

S. typhi O (somatic) antigen

S. typhi H (flagellar) antigen

S. paratyphi A and B H antigens

Glass slide or test tubes

Pipettes and mixing sticks

Physiological saline

Water bath/incubator (if tube method)

Timer and light source

4. Procedure:

Slide Method (Rapid):

1. A drop of patient serum was placed on a glass slide.

2. Equal drops of each Widal antigen were added.

3. The mixture was rotated gently for 1 minute.

4. Agglutination was observed visually.

Tube Method (Quantitative):

1. Serum was serially diluted in test tubes.

2. Equal volumes of antigen suspension were added.

3. Tubes were incubated at 37°C for 16–20 hours.

4. Agglutination was read visually and the antibody titer was recorded.

5. Result:

Positive: Agglutination observed; a titer of ≥1:80 or fourfold rise in paired samples was considered significant.

Negative: No visible agglutination.

6. Uses:

It was used to aid in the diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.

Helped monitor disease progression or response to treatment.

7. Consultation:

Positive results prompted referral to a physician or infectious disease specialist. Antibiotic therapy was started based on clinical correlation, and blood culture was advised for confirmation.

10/08/2025

Genetic studies of hundreds of ancient European skeletons show that most Europeans had dark skin, dark hair, and often blue or dark eyes until around 3,000 years ago.

This pigmentation pattern was inherited from early human populations who migrated out of Africa tens of thousands of years ago.

Even during the Bronze and early Iron Ages, darker and intermediate skin tones were common, especially in southern Europe and parts of Eurasia.

Well-known examples, such as Cheddar Man in Britain and Ötzi the Iceman in the Alps, confirm this darker complexion.

The shift toward lighter skin occurred gradually, driven by a mix of factors including adaptation to lower sunlight for vitamin D production, dietary changes from farming, and the introduction of lighter-skin genes by incoming Neolithic farmers from Anatolia.

10/08/2025

🧬✨ Mitosis vs Meiosis — The Cell Division Showdown! ⚡🔍

🔹 Mitosis = Growth & Repair Hero 🦸‍♂️

🧠 Purpose: Makes identical cells for growth & healing 🩹
🧩 Result: 2 cells 🟰 identical to the original 🫂

🔄 Phases: PMAT (Prophase 📸, Metaphase 📏, Anaphase ↔, Telophase 🎯)

🧬 Type: Somatic (body) cells only 🦵🖐️

🔹 Meiosis = Genetic Diversity Master 🌈

🧠 Purpose: Creates gametes (s***m & egg) for reproduction 🍼

🧩 Result: 4 cells, each with half the chromosomes ➗

🎭 Special Trick: Crossing-over 🎨 = genetic mix & match 🎲
🧬 Type: Only in reproductive cells ❤️

⚡ Key Difference:

Mitosis = Clones 👯‍♀️

Meiosis = Mixes it up 🎨🧩

30/07/2025

100,000 years ago, Homo sapiens weren’t alone. At least five other human species roamed the Earth—Neanderthals, Denisovans, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, and Homo luzonensis—all uniquely adapted to their environments. Neanderthals had large brains and crafted tools. Denisovans are still a mystery, known mostly through fragments and genetic traces. Homo erectus endured for nearly two million years. Meanwhile, the Hobbit-like floresiensis and the tiny luzonensis survived deep into prehistory in Southeast Asia.

So why are we the only ones left? Theories range from competitive advantage to environmental upheaval to outright extinction through conflict. But the story isn’t all about domination—our DNA carries fragments of those we lived alongside and sometimes loved. Their traces in our genes are quiet echoes from a vanished world.

27/07/2025

This image illustrates the remarkable evolution of ancient Greek sculpture across three distinct periods. Around 530 BC, during the Archaic period, statues were rigid and symmetrical, with stylized features like the "Archaic smile" and patterned, rope-like hair. These figures appeared more symbolic than lifelike. By 470 BC, in the Early Classical or "Severe Style" period, sculptures became more realistic, showing clearer anatomical structure and more natural facial expressions. Hair was depicted with greater texture, and the overall stance of the figures began to loosen. Finally, by 340 BC, during the Late Classical period, Greek sculpture reached a pinnacle of realism. Hair appeared soft and curly, facial expressions were rich with emotion, and body posture conveyed fluidity and individuality. This artistic journey reflects a broader philosophical shift—one that placed the human form, with all its beauty and complexity, at the center of cultural and aesthetic ideals.