PCGM Hospital, I'm state, Igbo Ora (2025)

13/04/2024

Nurses wanted urgently. Interested persons should do kindly apply

27/10/2023

Today's topic: Child abuse. DEFINITION

Any intentional harm or mistreatment to a child under 18 years old is considered child abuse. Child abuse takes many forms, which often occur at the same time.

Physical abuse. Physical child abuse occurs when a child is purposefully physically injured.

Sexual abuse. Sexual child abuse is any s*xual activity with a child, such as fondling, oral-genital contact, in*******se or exposure to child po*******hy.

Emotional abuse. Emotional child abuse means injuring a child's self-esteem or emotional well-being. It includes verbal and emotional assault — such as continually belittling or berating a child — as well as isolating, ignoring or rejecting a child.

Neglect. Child neglect is failure to provide adequate food, shelter, affection, supervision, education or medical care.

Most child abuse is inflicted by someone the child knows and trusts, often a parent or other relative. If you suspect child abuse, report the abuse to the proper authorities.

SYMPTOMS

A child who's being abused may feel guilty, ashamed or confused. He or she may be afraid to tell anyone about the abuse, especially if the abuser is a parent, other relative or family friend. In fact, the child may have an apparent fear of parents, adult caregivers or family friends. That's why it's vital to watch for red flags, such as:

Withdrawal from friends or usual activities

Changes in behavior — such as aggression, anger, hostility or hyperactivity — or changes in school performance

Depression, anxiety or a sudden loss of self-confidence

An apparent lack of supervision

Frequent absences from school or reluctance to ride the school bus

Reluctance to leave school activities, as if he or she doesn't want to go home

Attempts at running away

Rebellious or defiant behavior

Attempts at su***de

Specific signs and symptoms depend on the type of abuse. Keep in mind that warning signs are just that — warning signs. The presence of warning signs please consult us online.

27/10/2023

Today's topic: DEFINITION

Ebola virus and Marburg virus are related viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers — illnesses marked by severe bleeding (hemorrhage), organ failure and, in many cases, death. Both viruses are native to Africa, where sporadic outbreaks have occurred for decades.

Ebola virus and Marburg virus live in animal hosts, and humans can contract the viruses from infected animals. After the initial transmission, the viruses can spread from person to person through contact with body fluids or contaminated needles.

No drug has been approved to treat either virus. People diagnosed with Ebola or Marburg virus receive supportive care and treatment for complications. Scientists are coming closer to developing vaccines for these deadly diseases.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitors the United States for conditions such as Ebola infection, and its labs can test for the Ebola virus. Mayo Clinic does not test for the Ebola and Marburg viruses.

SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms typically begin abruptly within five to 10 days of infection with Ebola or Marburg virus. Early signs and symptoms include:

Fever

Severe headache

Joint and muscle aches

Chills

Weakness

Over time, symptoms become increasingly severe and may include:

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhea (may be bloody)

Red eyes

Raised rash

Chest pain and cough

Stomach pain

Severe weight loss

Bleeding, usually from the eyes, and bruising (people near death may bleed from other orifices, such as ears, nose and re**um)

Internal bleeding

CAUSES

Ebola virus has been found in African monkeys, chimps and other nonhuman primates. A milder strain of Ebola has been discovered in monkeys and pigs in the Philippines. Marburg virus has been found in monkeys, chimps and fruit bats in Africa.

Transmission from animals to humans

Experts suspect that both viruses are transmitted to humans through an infected animal's bodily fluids. Examples include:

Blood. Butchering. Consult us online.

12/07/2023

Today's topic: Head and neck cancers. DEFINITION

Head and neck cancers are a broad category of cancers that occur in the head and neck region.

Types of head and neck cancers include:

Esthesioneuroblastoma

Floor of mouth cancer

Lip cancer

Mouth cancer

Nasal cavity cancer

Nasopharyngeal cancer

Paranasal sinus cancer

Parathyroid cancer

Salivary gland cancer

Soft palate cancer

Throat cancer

Thyroid cancer

Tongue cancer

Tonsil cancer

Treatment depends on the type, location and size of your cancer. Treatment for head and neck cancers often involves surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Rehabilitation specialists and other experts often work with people who experience hearing loss, difficulty eating or difficulty speaking as a result of head and neck cancers.

Consult us online.

11/07/2023

Today's topic: Low s***m count. DEFINITION

Low s***m count means that the fluid (semen) you ej*****te during an or**sm contains fewer s***m than normal. A low s***m count is also called oligos***mia (ol-ih-go-SPUR-me-uh). A complete absence of s***m is called azoos***mia. Your s***m count is considered lower than normal if you have fewer than 15 million s***m per milliliter of semen.

Having a low s***m count decreases the odds that one of your s***m will fertilize your partner's egg, resulting in pregnancy. Nonetheless, many men who have a low s***m count are still able to father a child.

SYMPTOMS

The main sign of low s***m count is the inability to conceive a child. There may be no other obvious signs or symptoms. In some cases, an underlying problem such as an inherited hormonal imbalance, dilated testicular veins or a condition that blocks the passage of s***m may cause signs and symptoms. Low s***m count symptoms may include:

Problems with s*xual function — for example, low s*x drive or difficulty maintaining an er****on (erectile dysfunction)

Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area

Decreased facial or body hair or other signs of a chromosome or hormone abnormality

When to see a doctor

See a doctor if you:

Are unable to conceive a child after a year of regular, unprotected s*xual in*******se with your partner

Have er****on or ej*******on problems, low s*x drive or other problems with s*xual function

Have pain, discomfort, a lump or swelling in the testicular area

Have a history of testicle, prostate or s*xual problems

Have had groin, testicle, p***s or sc***um surgery

CAUSES

The production of s***m is a complex process and requires normal functioning of the testicles (te**es) as well as the hypothalamus and pituitary glands — organs in your brain that produce hormones that trigger s***m production. Once s***m are produced in the testicles, delicate tubes transport them until they mix with semen and are ej*****ted out of the p***s. Consultus

10/07/2023

Today's topic. BREAST INFECTION DEFINITION breast infection also known as

Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue that results in breast pain, swelling, warmth and redness. You also might have fever and chills. Mastitis most commonly affects women who are breast-feeding (lactation mastitis), although sometimes this condition can occur in women who aren't breast-feeding.

In most cases, lactation mastitis occurs within the first six to 12 weeks after giving birth (postpartum), but it can happen later during breast-feeding. The condition can cause you to feel run down, making it difficult to care for your baby.

Sometimes mastitis leads a mother to wean her baby before she intends to, but continuing to breast-feed, even while taking an antibiotic for the mastitis, is better for you and your baby.

SYMPTOMS

With mastitis, signs and symptoms can appear suddenly and may include:

Breast tenderness or warmth to the touch

Generally feeling ill (malaise)

Breast swelling

Pain or a burning sensation continuously or while breast-feeding

Skin redness, often in a wedge-shaped pattern

Fever of 101 F (38.3 C) or greater

Although mastitis usually occurs in the first several weeks of breast-feeding, it can happen anytime during breast-feeding. Lactation mastitis tends to affect only one breast.

When to see a doctor

In most cases, you'll feel ill with flu-like symptoms for several hours before you recognize that your breast has an area of tenderness and redness. As soon as you recognize this combination of signs and symptoms, it's time to contact your doctor.

Your doctor will probably want to see you to confirm the diagnosis. Oral antibiotics are usually effective in treating this condition. If you've had mastitis before, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics over the phone. If your signs and symptoms don't improve after the first two days of taking antibiotics, see your doctor

CAUSES

Consult us online.

04/07/2023

Today's topic: CHOLERA. DEFINITION

Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe Diarrhea and Dehydration. Left untreated, Cholera can be fatal in a matter of hours, even in previously healthy people.

Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated Cholera in industrialized countries. The last major outbreak in the United States occurred in 1911. But Cholera is still present in Africa, Southeast Asia, Haiti and central Mexico. The risk of Cholera epidemic is highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation.

Cholera is easily treated. Death results from severe Dehydration that can be prevented with a simple and inexpensive rehydration solution.

SYMPTOMS

Most people exposed to the Cholera bacterium (Vibrio Cholerae) don't become ill and never know they've been infected. Yet because they shed Cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water. Most symptomatic cases of Cholera cause mild or moderate Diarrhea that's often hard to distinguish from Diarrhea caused by other problems.

Only about 1 in 10 infected people develops the typical signs and symptoms of Cholera, usually within a few days of infection.

Symptoms of Cholera infection may include:

Diarrhea. Cholera-related Diarrhea comes on suddenly and may quickly cause dangerous Fluid loss — as much as a quart (about 1 liter) an hour. Diarrhea due to Cholera often has a pale, milky appearance that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed (rice-water stool).

Nausea and vomiting. Occurring especially in the early stages of Cholera, vomiting may persist for hours at a time.

Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of Cholera symptoms. Depending on how many body Fluids have been lost, Dehydration can range from mild to severe. A loss of 10 percent or more of total body weight indicates severe one

03/07/2023

Today's topic: DOWN SYNDROME.DEFINITION

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in extra genetic material from chromosome 21. This genetic disorder, which varies in severity, causes lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays, and in some people it causes health problems.

Down syndrome is the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning disabilities in children.

Better understanding of Down syndrome and early interventions can greatly increase the quality of life for children and adults with this disorder and help them live fulfilling lives.

SYMPTOMS

Each person with Down syndrome is an individual — intellectual and developmental problems range from mild to moderate, and some people are healthy while others have severe health problems such as serious heart defects.

Children with Down syndrome have a distinct facial appearance. Though not all children with Down syndrome have the same features, some of the more common features are:

Flattened facial features

Small head

Short neck

Protruding tongue

Upward slanting eyes, unusual for the child's ethnic group

Unusually shaped or small ears

Poor muscle tone

Broad, short hands with a single crease in the palm

Relatively short fingers and small hands and feet

Excessive flexibility

Tiny white spots on the colored part (iris) of the eye called Brushfield spots

Short height

Infants with Down syndrome may be average size, but typically they grow slowly and remain shorter than other children the same age. In general, developmental milestones, such as sitting and crawling, occur at about twice the age of children without impairment.

CAUSES

Human cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from your father, the other from your mother.

Down syndrome results when abnormal cell division involving chromosome 21 occurs. These cell division abnormalities result in extra genetic material from chromosome 21.

30/06/2023

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30/06/2023

Biochemistry of Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin and Movement of Oxygen

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing metalloprotein that is responsible for oxygen transport in vertebrates. It is present in the blood and functions mainly to carry oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body, and carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs for eventual elimination. This article will focus on the basic structure and function of hemoglobin.

Image: “Hemoglobin” by Scott Robinson. License: CC BY 2.0

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (commonly abbreviated as Hb) is a metalloprotein inside red blood cells that can carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs in the body. When it goes back to the lungs, it carries the carbon dioxide for eventual release to the body. This protein is essential as the oxygen it transports is needed by the body for metabolism.

In mammals alone, this metalloprotein comprises 96% of the red blood cells dry content. Its oxygen binding capacity is 1.34 mL of Oxygen (O2) per gram. Mammalian hemoglobin can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules. Aside from transporting oxygen, it is also used to transport carbon dioxide and other gases, like nitric oxide, which is a regulatory molecule for the body.

Hemoglobin Structure

Image: “Haemoglobin” by Richard Wheeler (Zephyris) 2007. License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Hemoglobin of vertebrates is a globular protein with an aquaternary structure that consists of four polypeptide chains, two alpha, and two beta chains. Each of these chains has oxygen-binding heme or iron protoporphyrin. Depending on the species, slight differences in the number of amino acids comprising the chains may be observed. For human hemoglobin, there is a slight difference in the number of amino acids present in the alpha and beta chain. For the alpha chain, there are 141 amino acids, while for the beta chain, there are 146 amino acids.

Each of the alpha and beta chains is folded to contain characteristic protein secondary structures. Consult us online.

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