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For Medical Students And Health Practitioners💊✅
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25/08/2025

28-Day Menstrual Cycle
🩺 Days 1–5 – Period (menstrual bleeding)
🩺 Days 6–13 – Follicular phase (egg maturing)
🩺 Day 14 – Ovulation (egg released)
🩺 Days 15–28 – Luteal phase (body prepares for possible pregnancy)
🩺 Length may vary for each woman

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VIRAL DISEASES
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25/08/2025

URINARY TRACT TREATMENT 👇 ✍️
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🔥 BURNS

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📖 Definition

Burns are injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation, or friction. They range in severity from minor to life-threatening.

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🔎 Causes

🔥 Thermal burns (fire, hot liquids, steam)

⚡ Electrical burns

☢️ Radiation burns (sunburn, X-rays)

🧪 Chemical burns (acids, alkalis)

🏃 Friction burns

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📊 Classification

1. Based on Depth:

A.Superficial (1st Degree):

Affects epidermis only

Redness, pain, no blisters

Example: sunburn

B.Partial Thickness (2nd Degree):

Affects epidermis + part of dermis

Pain, redness, blister formation

C Full Thickness (3rd Degree):

Extends through dermis into subcutaneous tissue

Charred skin, painless (due to nerve damage)

D.4th Degree:

Extends into muscles, bones, tendons

Black, dry, severe tissue destruction

2. Based on Extent:

Rule of Nines (used to estimate Total Body Surface Area burnt).

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⚠️ Signs & Symptoms

Pain, redness, swelling

Blisters, peeling skin

White/charred skin (in severe burns)

Shock (low BP, rapid pulse) in extensive burns

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🏥 Management

First Aid:

Remove the source of burn

Cool the area with running water (10–20 minutes)

Do not apply ice, butter, or toothpaste

Cover with clean, non-fluffy cloth

Avoid breaking blisters

Hospital Management:

Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC) assessment

Fluid replacement (Parkland formula)

Pain relief & infection prevention

Wound care & dressings

Skin grafting in severe cases

Psychological support

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📌 Complications

Shock

Infection & sepsis

Contractures & deformities

Multi-organ failure in extensive burns

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✅ Key Nursing Responsibilities

Assess burn depth & extent

Maintain fluid & electrolyte balance

Provide pain management

Prevent infection with aseptic dressing

Support nutrition & rehabilitation

Educate patient & family on prevention

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25/08/2025

✅ OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA):

Definition
Osteoarthritis is a chronic, progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage, remodeling of bone, and varying degrees of synovial inflammation. It is the most common form of arthritis, especially in older adults.

✅Causes / Risk Factors:

Age (common in elderly)

Obesity (increased joint stress, especially knees/hips)

Genetic predisposition

Gender (more common in women after menopause)

Joint injury / overuse (sports, occupation)

Congenital or acquired joint deformities

✅Pathophysiology:

Gradual loss of articular cartilage

Bone remodeling → osteophytes (bone spurs)

Joint space narrowing

Inflammation of synovium in some cases

✅Clinical Features:

Joint pain (worsens with activity, relieved by rest)

Stiffness (especially in the morning, usually

25/08/2025

🫘 GLOMERULONEPHRITIS:

✅Definition:
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomeruli of the kidney, leading to impaired filtration of blood, hematuria, proteinuria, and possible renal failure.

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✅Etiology (Causes):

1.Infectious: Post-streptococcal infection (common after sore throat/skin infection)

2.Autoimmune: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Goodpasture’s syndrome

3.Metabolic: Diabetes mellitus

4.Other: Hypertension, vasculitis

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✅Types:

1. Acute glomerulonephritis – sudden onset, often after infection

2. Chronic glomerulonephritis – progressive, leading to renal failure

3. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) – severe, fast kidney damage

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✅Clinical Features:

Hematuria (cola-colored urine)

Proteinuria (foamy urine)

Hypertension

Oliguria (reduced urine output)

Edema (periorbital, facial, and peripheral swelling)

Fatigue and weakness

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✅Complications:

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Hypertensive encephalopathy

Heart failure

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
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✅Diagnosis:

Urinalysis → RBCs, protein

Blood tests → elevated BUN & creatinine, ↓ GFR

Throat/skin culture (for streptococcal infection)

Renal biopsy (for definitive diagnosis)

✅Management:

1.Medical:

Control infection → antibiotics (if post-strep)

Control hypertension → antihypertensives

Immunosuppressive therapy (in autoimmune causes)

Diuretics for edema

2.Diet:

Low sodium, low protein, fluid restriction

3.Supportive:

Bed rest during acute phase

Monitor fluid balance and electrolytes

4.Advanced:

Dialysis in severe renal impairment

Kidney transplantation in ESRD

✅ Key Point for Nursing: Early detection, strict monitoring of fluid/electrolyte balance, BP control, and patient education on diet and medication compliance are crucial in glomerulonephritis care.

25/08/2025

URINE ANALYSIS
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25/08/2025

🤱 NEONATAL JAUNDICE:

✅Definition:

Neonatal jaundice is the yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes in newborns due to elevated serum bilirubin levels. It is common within the first week of life.

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✅Types of Neonatal Jaundice:

1. Physiological Jaundice

✓Appears after 24 hrs of birth

✓Peaks at 3–5 days

✓Resolves within 1–2 weeks

✓Due to immature liver enzyme activity

2. Pathological Jaundice

✓Appears within 24 hrs of birth

✓Rapid rise in bilirubin (>5 mg/dL/day)

✓Persists >14 days

✓Causes: Hemolytic disease (Rh/ABO incompatibility), infections, prematurity, G6PD deficiency, liver disorders

3. Breastfeeding Jaundice

✓Early onset due to poor intake/dehydration

4. Breast Milk Jaundice

✓Appears after 5–7 days, may persist for weeks

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✅Causes:

✓Increased bilirubin production (hemolysis)

✓Decreased hepatic conjugation (immature liver enzymes)

✓Increased enterohepatic circulation

✓Infections, metabolic or genetic disorders

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✅Clinical Features:

✓Yellowish discoloration of skin and sclera (progresses from head to toe)

✓Poor feeding, lethargy (in severe cases)

✓High-pitched cry, seizures (if kernicterus develops)

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✅Complications:

✓Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy):

✓Irreversible brain damage

✓Hearing loss, cerebral palsy, developmental delay

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✅Diagnosis:

✓Clinical examination (Kramer’s scale)

✓Serum bilirubin level estimation

✓Direct and indirect Coombs test (if hemolysis suspected)

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✅Management:
✓Physiological jaundice → Usually no treatment, ensure proper feeding

✓Phototherapy → Main treatment for high bilirubin

✓Exchange transfusion → In severe, life-threatening cases

✓Treat underlying cause (infection, hemolysis, etc.)

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✅ Key Point: Early identification and management of neonatal jaundice are essential to prevent kernicterus and long-term complications.

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25/08/2025

🤰 ABORTION

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✅Definition:
Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the fetus becomes viable (usually before 20–24 weeks of gestation, depending on legal and medical definitions).

✅Types:
1. Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage):
Occurs naturally without medical intervention.

Causes: chromosomal abnormalities, maternal illness, trauma, infections.
2. Induced Abortion:
Termination of pregnancy by medical or surgical methods.

Reasons: unwanted pregnancy, maternal health, fetal abnormalities, social causes.
3. Threatened Abortion: Vaginal bleeding occurs, but cervix is closed and pregnancy may continue.
4. Inevitable Abortion: Cervix dilated with bleeding and pain; abortion cannot be prevented.
5. Incomplete Abortion: Partial expulsion of products of conception.
6. Complete Abortion: Entire products of conception expelled.
7. Missed Abortion: Fetus dies but is retained in the uterus.
✅Causes / Risk Factors:
Chromosomal anomalies (most common in early abortion)

Maternal factors: uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, thyroid disorders

Infections: TORCH, syphilis

Uterine abnormalities: fibroids, septum

Lifestyle: smoking, alcohol, drugs

Trauma or stress

✅Clinical Features:
Vaginal bleeding

Lower abdominal pain / cramps

Passage of tissue or clots

Closed or open cervical os depending on type

✅Diagnosis:
History & clinical examination

Ultrasound (to confirm viability and retained products)

β-hCG levels

Blood tests (CBC, Rh typings

✅Management:
Threatened Abortion: Bed rest, progesterone support, observation.

Incomplete/Complete Abortion:

Medical: Misoprostol (with or without mifepristone).

Surgical: Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) / Dilatation & Curettage (D&C).

Missed Abortion: Medical or surgical evacuation.

Supportive Care: IV fluids, antibiotics if infection suspected, Rh immunoglobulin in Rh-negative mother.

Counseling: Emotional support and contraceptive advice.

✅Complications:
Hemorrhaged

Infection (septic abortion)

Uterine perforation (surgical)

✔️ Prevention
Early antenatal care

Early attending to hospital if needed

Treatment of maternal diseases

Safe abortion services

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25/08/2025

🤱 APGAR SYcore:

The Apgar Score is a quick assessment tool used immediately after birth to evaluate a newborn’s physical condition and determine if urgent medical care is needed.

It is performed at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth (sometimes again at 10 minutes if necessary).

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✅Components of Apgar Score (5 Parameters – each scored 0, 1, or 2):

1. Appearance (Skin Color)

0 = Blue or pale

1 = Body pink, extremities blue

2 = Completely pink

2. Pulse (Heart Rate)

0 = Absent

1 =

25/08/2025

🚺 INFERTILITY:

✅Definition:

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual in*******se.

Primary infertility: When pregnancy has never occurred.

Secondary infertility: When pregnancy occurred previously but not now.

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✅Causes:

1. Female factors (40–50%)

Ovulatory disorders (e.g., PCOS, thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia).

Tubal factors (e.g., tubal blockage due to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis).

Uterine factors (fibroids, congenital anomalies, adhesions).

Cervical factors (cervical mucus hostility).

2. Male factors (30–40%)

Low s***m count (oligos***mia), absent s***m (azoos***mia).

Poor motility (asthenozoos***mia).

Abnormal morphology (teratozoos***mia).

Varicocele, infections, hormonal imbalance.

3. Unexplained infertility (10–15%)

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✅Investigations:

History & examination of both partners.

1.Male partner:

Semen analysis (first-line test).

2.Female partner:

Ovulation tests (basal body temp charting, serum progesterone, LH kits).

Ultrasound for follicular study.

HSG (Hysterosalpingography) / Sonohysterography for tubal patency.

Laparoscopy & hysteroscopy if needed.

Hormonal assays (FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, AMH).

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✅Management:

1. General measures

Counseling both partners.

Lifestyle modification (weight control, avoid smoking, alcohol, stress).

2. Male factor

Treat underlying cause (infection, varicocele, endocrine).

Assisted reproductive techniques (IUI, IVF, ICSI).

3. Female factor

Ovulation induction (clomiphene citrate, letrozole, gonadotropins).

Surgical correction (laparoscopy for endometriosis, tuboplasty).

ART (IUI, IVF, ICSI, surrogacy).

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✅Complications:

Emotional stress, depression, anxiety.

Financial burden due to prolonged treatments.

Risk of multiple pregnancy with ovulation induction/ART.

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