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Dr. Idris Muhammad, ZARIA, Zaria (2025)

03/12/2025

📘HIM216 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II

INTERNAL ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
PROGRAMME: HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA
SEMESTER: YEAR TWO SEMESTER ONE
LECTURE FOUR
PROCESS OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

INTRODUCTION

Digestion and absorption are essential activities that help the body use food for energy growth and repair.
Example: After eating rice, your body breaks it down to produce strength, help you grow, and repair tissues.

Narkewar abinci da shanye gina jiki muhimman ayyuka ne da suke taimakawa jiki ya yi amfani da abinci domin ƙarfi girma da gyara.
Misali: Bayan cin doya ko kosai, jiki yana amfani da shi domin ƙarfi da sabunta sassa.

Digestion is the process that breaks food into smaller parts while absorption is the movement of nutrients from the intestine into the blood and lymph.
Example: When you chew and swallow food, digestion breaks it down, and absorption moves the nutrients into your blood.

Narkewa ita ce hanya da jiki ke karya abinci zuwa ƙananan sassa yayin da shanye gina jiki ke nufin motsawar sinadaran abinci daga hanji zuwa jini da lymph.
Misali: Doya da aka narke a ciki, gina jikin ta wuce zuwa jini domin amfani.

Understanding how digestion and absorption work helps health information students interpret medical records on gastrointestinal diseases which are common in Nigeria and across the world.
Example: When reading a patient’s file with stomach ulcer, you understand what part of digestion is affected.

Fahimtar yadda narkewa da shanye gina jiki ke aiki yana taimakawa ɗaliban Health Information su fassara bayanan lafiya na cututtukan hanji da ciki waɗanda ake yawan samu a Najeriya da sauran duniya.
Misali: Idan ka ga rahoton gudawa ko typhoid, ka san sashen da matsalar ta faru.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Digestion is the breakdown of food into simple substances the body can use.
Example: Swallow becomes soft and watery so your body can use it.

Narkewa na nufin karya abinci zuwa sauƙaƙan sinadarai da jiki zai iya amfani da su.
Misali: Abinci yana zama k**ar ruwa don jiki ya iya amfani da shi.

Absorption is the movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood or lymph.
Example: After digestion, nutrients enter your blood like water entering a sponge.

Shanye gina jiki yana nufin motsa sinadaran abinci daga hanji zuwa jini ko lymph.
Misali: Gina jikin abinci yana shiga jini k**ar ruwan shayi.

Enzymes are substances that speed up the breakdown of food.
Example: Enzymes act like scissors cutting the food faster.

Enzymes su ne abubuwan da suke hanzarta narkewar abinci.
Misali: Enzymes k**ar wuka suna taimakawa abinci ya narke da sauri.

Chyme is the semi liquid mixture of food formed in the stomach.
Example: When food leaves the stomach, it looks like thick pap (kunu).

Chyme shi ne cakudadden abinci mai laushi wanda ke fitowa daga ciki bayan an narke shi.
Misali: Yana k**a da kunu mai kauri.

Villi are small finger like projections in the small intestine that help in absorption.
Example: They look like tiny fingers that collect food nutrients into the blood.

Villi ƙananan ɗan yatsan sassa ne a cikin hanji ƙarami da suke taimakawa wajen shanye gina jiki.
Misali: Kamar yatsun roba suna tsotsa sinadaran abinci.

MECHANISM OF DIGESTION

Digestion begins in the mouth and ends in the large intestine.
Example: From chewing food to forming stool, digestion takes place step by step.

Narkewa tana farawa a baki kuma tana ƙarewa a hanji babba.
Misali: Tauna abinci shine farko, yin bayan gida shine ƙarshe.

Every region of the digestive system performs a specific task to ensure that nutrients are released and prepared for absorption.
Example: Teeth grind, stomach mixes, and small intestine absorbs.

Kowane sashe na tsarin narkewar abinci yana da aikinsa domin tabbatar da cewa an fitar da sinadarai kuma an shirya su don shanyewa.
Misali: Baki yana karya abinci, ciki yana gauraya shi, hanji yana tsotsa gina jiki.

DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH

The mouth starts digestion through chewing and saliva.
Example: When chewing bread, saliva softens it.

Baki yana fara narkewa ta hanyar tauna da kumfa.
Misali: Kumfa yana taimaka abinci ya yi laushi.

The teeth crush food into smaller particles while saliva moistens it and contains enzymes that begin carbohydrate digestion.
Example: Chewing garri or biscuit breaks it into small pieces.

Hakuransu suna murƙushe abinci zuwa ƙananan sassa yayin da kumfa ke jiƙa shi kuma tana ɗauke da enzymes da ke fara narkar da carbohydrates.
Misali: Shinkafa tana yin zaƙi saboda starch yana narke.

Example When you chew yam or rice it becomes softer and slightly sweet because starch begins to break down in the mouth.
Simple example: Chewing rice feels sweet.

Misali Lokacin da ka tauna doya ko shinkafa suna yin laushi kuma suna ɗan yin zaƙi saboda starch yana fara narkewa a cikin baki.

DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH

The stomach continues digestion by mixing food with gastric juice which contains acid and enzymes that break down proteins.
Example: Meat becomes soft in the stomach because acid breaks it down.

Ciki yana ci gaba da narkewa ta hanyar haɗa abinci da gastric juice wanda yake ɗauke da acid da enzymes masu karya proteins.
Misali: Nama mai wuya yana laushi a ciki.

The strong muscular contractions of the stomach help to churn the food into chyme.
Example: The stomach acts like a blender mixing food.

Ƙarfaffun motsin tsokokin ciki suna taimakawa wajen juya abinci ya koma chyme.
Misali: Ciki yana jujjuya abinci k**ar injin mixing.

Case Study A patient with low stomach acid may experience slow digestion and frequent bloating because proteins are not broken down properly.
Example: A person with weak acid feels heavy after eating beans or meat.

Nazarin Lamari Mara lafiya da yake da ƙarancin acid na ciki kan fuskanci jinkirin narkewa da kumburi akai-akai saboda proteins ba sa narkewa yadda ya k**ata.

DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

Most digestion occurs in the small intestine.
Example: The main breakdown of food happens here.

Yawancin narkewa yana faruwa a hanji ƙarami.

Digestive juices from the pancreas liver and small intestine complete the breakdown of carbohydrates proteins and fats.
Example: These juices act like detergents breaking food into tiny pieces.

Ruwayen narkewa daga pancreas da hanta da hanji ƙarami suna kammala narkar da carbohydrates da proteins da fats.

Pancreatic enzymes break down proteins carbohydrates and fats.
Example: They act like chemicals that dissolve food.

Enzymes na pancreas suna karya proteins da carbohydrates da fats.

Bile from the liver breaks large fat droplets into smaller ones to allow easy action of lipase.
Example: Bile acts like soap breaking oil into small parts.

Bile daga hanta yana raba manyan ƙwanƙolin kitse zuwa ƙanana domin lipase ya yi aiki cikin sauƙi.

Small intestinal enzymes complete digestion into simple molecules ready for absorption.
Example: They finish the work so the body can absorb nutrients.

Enzymes na hanji ƙarami suna kammala narkewa zuwa sinadarai masu sauƙi da suke shirye don shanyewa.

DIGESTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE

The large intestine does not digest food except for limited activity by friendly bacteria.
Example: Only little breakdown happens here.

Hanji babba baya narkar da abinci sai kaɗan daga aikin ƙwayoyin cuta na gari.

Its major role is absorption of water and formation of f***s.
Example: It makes stool hard or soft depending on water.

Babban aikinsa shi ne shanye ruwa da kuma samar da bayan gida.

Example When a person takes enough water stool becomes soft but when water intake is low the stool becomes hard because the large intestine absorbs too much water.
Simple example: Drinking little water causes constipation.

Misali Lokacin da mutum ya sha ruwa sosai bayan gida yana taushi amma idan ruwa bai isa ba bayan gida yana ƙauri saboda hanji babba yana shan ruwa mai yawa.

ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

Absorption happens mainly in the small intestine which is specially designed for this function.
Example: Most nutrients enter the blood here.

Shanyewar gina jiki yawanci yana faruwa a hanji ƙarami wanda aka tsara musamman domin wannan aiki.

It has a large surface area due to villi and microvilli that make absorption faster and more efficient.
Example: Many small folds help collect more nutrients.

Yana da babban fili saboda villi da microvilli waɗanda ke sa shanye gina jiki ya zama cikin sauri da inganci.

ABSORPTION IN THE DUODENUM

The duodenum absorbs minerals such as iron and some vitamins.
Example: Iron from beans is absorbed here.

Duodenum yana shanye ma’adanai irin su iron da wasu vitamins.

It also receives bile and pancreatic juice to complete digestion.
Example: It is the mixing point of bile and enzymes.

Hakanan yana karɓar bile da pancreatic juice domin kammala narkewa.

ABSORPTION IN THE JEJUNUM

The jejunum is the primary site for absorption of most nutrients including carbohydrates proteins vitamins and minerals.
Example: Most food nutrients enter the blood from here.

Jejunum shi ne babban wurin shanye yawancin sinadaran abinci k**ar carbohydrates da proteins da vitamins da minerals.

The numerous villi in this region allow nutrients to enter directly into the bloodstream.
Example: Like many small straws sucking nutrients.

Yawan villi a wannan wuri yana ba sinadaran damar shiga cikin jini kai tsaye.

Example Glucose from bread rice or fruits moves through the villi and enters the blood where it is used for energy.
Simple example: Energy from bread comes from jejunum absorption.

Misali Glucose daga gurasa ko shinkafa ko ’ya’yan itatuwa yana wucewa ta villi ya shiga jini inda ake amfani da shi don ƙarfi.

ABSORPTION IN THE ILEUM

The ileum absorbs fat digestion products and fat soluble vitamins which are vitamins A D E and K.
Example: Oils and fat vitamins enter the body here.

Ileum yana shanye sinadaran kitse da vitamins da suke narkewa a cikin kitse k**ar A D E da K.

It also absorbs vitamin B twelve and bile salts which are recycled back to the liver.
Example: B12 from meat enters the ileum.

Hakanan yana shanye vitamin B twelve da bile salts waɗanda ake mayarwa hanta.

Case Study A patient who has part of the ileum surgically removed may develop vitamin deficiencies especially vitamin B twelve deficiency.
Example: Such a patient may feel weak because B12 is low.

Nazarin Lamari Mara lafiya da aka cire masa wani bangare na ileum…

ABSORPTION INTO BLOOD AND LYMPH

Carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into the blood vessels of the villi.
Example: Sugar and amino acids move straight into blood.

Carbohydrates da proteins ana shanyewa su shiga cikin jini…

Fats are absorbed into lymphatic vessels called lacteals before entering the bloodstream.
Example: Fatty foods enter lymph first before blood.

Kitse ana shanyewa ya shiga cikin jijiyoyin lymph…

BASIC PRINCIPLES

The gastrointestinal tract uses simple scientific principles to absorb nutrients.
Example: Nutrients move using natural body rules.

These include diffusion active transport and facilitated transport.
Example: Each method helps nutrients enter the body.

Diffusion…
Example: Like perfume spreading in a room.

Active transport…
Example: Like climbing uphill—it needs energy.

This is used for glucose and amino acids.
Example: ORS glucose still enters blood during sickness.

Facilitated transport…
Example: Carrier proteins act like gates.

Example Glucose absorption uses active transport…
Simple example: ORS works even when patient is weak.

IMPORTANCE

Effective digestion and absorption ensure proper nutrition energy and growth.
Example: Children grow well when nutrients are properly absorbed.

Poor digestion leads to malnutrition weakness and digestive disorders.
Example: A person who cannot absorb nutrients may become thin.

For health information management students…
Example: Understanding digestion helps you read hospital files correctly.

03/12/2025

📘NURSING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

100L FIRST SEMESTER

LECTURE 3
ANATOMICAL POSITIONS AND BODY PLANES

STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION

The standard anatomical position is the universally accepted reference posture for describing the human body Matsayin jikin mutum na asali shi ne matsayin da aka amince da shi a ko ina wajen bayyana jikin ɗan Adam
Example: Imagine a model standing straight in a science classroom. Doctors everywhere use this same standing style when talking about the body.

It ensures uniform descriptions in classrooms clinics hospitals and emergency settings in Nigeria and around the world Yana ba da tabbacin cewa bayanan da ake yi iri ɗaya ne a aji asibiti cibiyar gaggawa a Najeriya da sauran duniya
Example: A student in Kano and a doctor in Abuja will describe body parts the same way because they follow one standard.

In this position the body stands upright the head faces forward the arms rest at the sides and the palms face forward A wannan matsayi jikin yana tsaye kai yana kallon gaba hannaye suna gefen jiki kuma tafukan hannaye suna kallon gaba
Example: Like someone standing for a photograph with their palms open and facing the camera.

Using this position helps health workers communicate clearly and avoid confusion when identifying body parts or describing injuries Amfani da wannan matsayi yana taimaka wa ma’aikatan lafiya su fahimci juna da kyau kuma su guji rikicewa wajen bayyana sassan jiki ko raunuka
Example: If a nurse says “pain on the left arm,” every health worker knows exactly which arm because the position is already agreed.

BODY PLANES

Body planes are imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections for easier description of structure movement and clinical procedures Tsarukan jikin da ake kira planes layukan tunani ne da ake amfani da su wajen raba jiki domin sauƙaƙe bayanin tsari motsi da hanyoyin jinya
Example: It is like drawing lines on a doll to show upper part lower part left side or right side.

These planes help health professionals interpret imaging results explain surgical approaches and understand anatomical relationships Wadannan layuka suna taimaka wa likitoci da masu jinya wajen fahimtar hotunan gwaji bayanin yadda ake yin tiyata da fahimtar dangantakar sassan jiki
Example: When a doctor reads an X-ray or CT scan, body planes help them know what part of the body the image is showing.

SAGITTAL PLANE

The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions Sagittal plane yana raba jiki gida biyu wato bangaren dama da bangaren hagu
Example: Imagine cutting a loaf of bread straight from front to back, making a left half and a right half.

It is useful for describing movements such as walking bending and nodding Yana da amfani wajen bayanin motsi irin su tafiya lanƙwasawa da girgiza kai
Example: When you walk forward or bend to tie your shoe, you are moving in the sagittal plane.

It helps clinicians assess conditions that affect either side of the body Yana taimaka wa likitoci wajen tantance matsalolin da ke shafar kowanne ɓangaren jiki
Example: A doctor may check whether weakness is only on the right side during stroke examination.

CORONAL PLANE

The coronal plane divides the body into front and back portions Coronal plane yana raba jiki zuwa gaba da baya
Example: Like slicing the body as if separating the chest side from the back side.

It is important in describing posture balance and conditions involving the chest and abdomen Yana da muhimmanci wajen bayanin yanayin tsayuwa daidaito da matsalolin da s**a shafi kirji da ciki
Example: When checking if someone is leaning forward or backward, the coronal plane is useful.

Health workers use this plane when examining the body or interpreting chest imaging Ma’aikatan lafiya suna amfani da wannan plane lokacin duba jiki ko karanta hoton kirji
Example: Most chest X-rays show the body from the front which follows the coronal plane.

TRANSVERSE PLANE

The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions Transverse plane yana raba jiki zuwa sama da ƙasa
Example: Like cutting a watermelon across the middle to form a top part and a bottom part.

It helps in describing rotational movements and is widely used in procedures such as ultrasound and CT scans to determine the level of organs Yana taimaka wajen bayanin juyawar jiki kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a gwaje gwaje irin su ultrasound da CT scan domin gano matsayin gabobi
Example: When a CT scan slices the body level by level, it uses transverse planes to show where the liver or kidney is located.

EXAMPLE

During abdominal imaging the transverse plane shows cross sectional views of the liver kidneys and intestines which helps health workers identify abnormalities quickly Lokacin duba ciki ta hanyar hoton gwaji transverse plane yana nuna yanke a tsaye na hanta koda da hanji wanda yake taimaka wa ma’aikatan lafiya gano matsaloli cikin sauri
Example: A doctor can see whether there is swelling in the liver because the transverse plane shows a “slice view” of the organs.

03/12/2025

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03/12/2025

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02/12/2025

📘CHEW PRIMARY HEALTH CARE 100L FIRST SEMESTER

LECTURE ONE

CONCEPT OF HEALTH

DEFINITION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Primary Health Care is the essential health care made accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford. Example: People in a village helping to plan and run a health outreach where services are affordable.

It forms an integral part of the country’s health system and focuses on preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative services. Example: PHC includes preventing diseases through immunization, promoting health through education, treating illnesses, and helping people recover.

According to the World Health Organization, Primary Health Care is based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods that bring health care as close as possible to where people live and work. Example: Using simple and effective methods like ORS, basic drugs, and immunization that are easy for communities to accept.

In Nigeria, Primary Health Care serves as the foundation of the national health system. It brings basic health services to rural and underserved populations through community participation and intersectoral collaboration. Example: PHC posts in rural areas provide first aid, immunization, and antenatal care with help from community volunteers.

Globally, the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emphasized Primary Health Care as the key to achieving “Health for All.” Example: Countries agreed that every person should access basic health services without difficulty.

An example is a community health center in a rural Nigerian village that provides immunization, antenatal care, health education, and treatment for common illnesses. This shows how PHC works directly at the community level.

DEFINITION OF HEALTH

According to the World Health Organization in 1948, health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Example: Someone may not have malaria but may still be unhappy, stressed, or socially isolated and therefore not fully healthy.

This means that being healthy is not just about not being sick but also about living well in body, mind, and relationships with others. Example: Good health includes peace of mind and good friendship, not only being free from sickness.

For example, a person may not have malaria or any visible illness but may still be unhealthy if they live in constant stress or loneliness. Example: A student may look fine physically but feel depressed or anxious.

In Nigeria, this definition helps health workers to understand that good health involves addressing poverty, education, housing, and sanitation in addition to treating diseases. Example: Improving water supply and sanitation prevents diarrheal diseases.

Globally, this concept of health guides all health programs that promote a balance between physical, mental, and social wellness. Example: Health campaigns focus on exercise, mental well-being, and social support.

OTHER DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH

Some modern scholars and health organizations have expanded the definition of health to include spiritual, environmental, and emotional well-being. Example: Good health also means having peace of mind, clean surroundings, and stable emotions.

Spiritual health relates to a person’s sense of purpose and peace with themselves and others. Example: Many people feel healthier when they practice prayer, meditation, or religious activities.

Environmental health considers the safety and cleanliness of the surroundings where people live and work. Example: A clean home and safe water help prevent diseases.

For example, a farmer in rural Nigeria may be free from disease but may not be healthy if he drinks contaminated water or lives in a polluted area. Example: Dirty water can cause cholera even if the person looks strong.

Likewise, someone may feel physically fine but be spiritually or emotionally disturbed, which affects their overall well-being. Example: A person who is worried all the time may feel sick even without physical illness.

DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH

Health is multi-dimensional and includes physical, mental, social, spiritual, and environmental dimensions. Example: Good health is a combination of many areas, not just the body.

Physical Health

Physical health refers to the proper functioning of the body and the absence of disease. Example: A strong body without malaria or infection.
It can be observed through factors such as strength, endurance, nutrition, and physical activity. Example: Eating well and exercising daily improve physical health.

Mental Health

Mental health involves emotional balance, clear thinking, and the ability to handle stress. Example: Staying calm and thinking clearly during challenges.
A mentally healthy person can make decisions, adapt to change, and maintain good relationships. Example: A student who manages exam pressure wisely is mentally healthy.

Social Health

Social health relates to how a person interacts with others and their community. Example: Making friends, communicating well, and supporting others.
It involves the ability to build healthy relationships and contribute to society. Example: Joining community sanitation activities or working well in a group.

Spiritual Health

Spiritual health is connected to personal beliefs, faith, and moral values. Example: Having inner peace through religious or moral guidance.
It gives meaning and purpose to life. Example: People feel stronger mentally during illness when they rely on faith.

Environmental Health

Environmental health focuses on the cleanliness and safety of the surroundings. Example: Living in a clean home with safe water.
Access to clean water, proper waste disposal, and good housing conditions are essential. Example: Communities that avoid open defecation reduce diarrheal diseases.

For instance, communities that keep their environment clean and prevent open defecation promote better health for everyone. Example: Clean surroundings reduce malaria, cholera, and typhoid.

02/12/2025

📘NURSING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

100L FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE 3: ANATOMICAL POSITIONS AND BODY PLANES

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMICAL POSITIONS

The anatomical position is the universally accepted reference posture used to describe the human body accurately.
Example: When describing where an injury is, all health workers imagine the person standing straight with palms forward.

Matsayin jiki na anatomical shi ne matsayi da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya domin bayyana jikin ɗan adam daidai.

It ensures that all health professionals describe body parts in the same way.
Example: A nurse in Lagos and a doctor in Abuja will both understand “left arm” the same way.

Yana tabbatar da cewa dukkan ma’aikatan lafiya suna bayanin sassan jiki iri ɗaya.

This reduces confusion in classrooms clinics hospitals and emergency situations in Nigeria and around the world.
Example: In an emergency, using the same description helps to treat a patient faster.

Wannan yana rage rikice rikice a ajin karatu asibitoci da lokutan gaggawa a Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen duniya.

The standard anatomical position has the body standing upright with the head facing forward the arms at the sides and the palms facing forward.
Example: Imagine someone standing like a statue with palms facing front—this is the anatomical position.

Matsayin anatomical na asali yana nufin mutum yana tsaye madaidaici kansa yana kallon gaba hannaye a gefe da tafukan hannaye suna kallon gaba.

IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMICAL POSITION

The anatomical position provides a consistent starting point for describing locations directions injuries and surgical sites.
Example: To say “the cut is on the front of the leg,” we must start from anatomical position.

Matsayin anatomical yana bayar da mafarin daidaitacce don bayyana wurare hanyoyi rauni da wuraren tiyata.

It allows nurses doctors and other health workers to communicate clearly about the human body regardless of their country or language.
Example: A foreign doctor working in Nigeria can understand local nurses because all of them use the same anatomical terms.

Yana ba nas-nurse likitoci da sauran ma’aikatan lafiya damar fahimtar juna game da jikin mutum ko da ba daga ƙasa ɗaya ko harshe ɗaya ba.

All anatomical terms such as anterior posterior medial lateral and superficial are based on this position.
Example: “Anterior” always means front, and “posterior” always means back, but only when starting from anatomical position.

*Duk kalmomin anatomical k**ar su anterior posterior medial lateral da superficial suna dogara ne da wannan matsayi.

BODY PLANES

Body planes are imaginary lines drawn through the body to divide it into sections.
Example: Think of cutting a loaf of bread into parts—body planes divide the body in a similar way.

Tsarukan rabe raben jiki layuka ne na tunani da ake ɗauka a jikin mutum domin a raba jikin kashi kashi.

These planes help in describing movements imaging procedures and physical examination.
Example: Doctors use these planes when looking at X-rays or CT images.

*Waɗannan layukan suna taimaka wa wajen bayyana motsi hoton sashen jiki da binciken jiki.

SAGITTAL PLANE

The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions.
Example: If you divide the body into right and left halves, like cutting a yam into two equal sides.

Sagittal plane yana raba jiki zuwa ɓangaren dama da ɓangaren hagu.

It is used to explain movements such as walking or bending forward.
Example: When you bend down to pick something, your body moves in the sagittal plane.

Ana amfani da shi wajen bayyana motsi k**ar tafiya ko lanƙwasawa gaba.

It helps clinicians understand body alignment and assess injuries that affect the right or left side.
Example: If a patient has pain on the right leg only, doctors use sagittal plane descriptions.

Yana taimaka wa likitoci su gane yadda jiki yake a tsari da kuma bincikar raunukan da s**a shafi dama ko hagu.

CORONAL PLANE

The coronal plane divides the body into front and back portions.
Example: Like standing behind a curtain separating the front of your body from the back.

Coronal plane yana raba jiki zuwa ɓangaren gaba da ɓangaren baya.

It is useful in describing posture balance and conditions affecting the chest and abdomen.
Example: When checking if someone is standing straight, the coronal plane is used.

Yana da amfani wajen bayyana yanayin tsayuwa da daidaituwa da matsalolin da ke shafar ƙirji da ciki.

Clinicians use this plane when interpreting imaging like chest X rays.
Example: A chest X-ray is usually taken using coronal plane views.

Likitoci suna amfani da wannan layi lokacin fassara hoton X ray na ƙirji.

TRANSVERSE PLANE

The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions.
Example: Like slicing a watermelon horizontally into the top and bottom parts.

Transverse plane yana raba jiki zuwa ɓangaren sama da ɓangaren ƙasa.

It is important in describing rotational movements and in procedures such as ultrasound and CT scans.
Example: Turning your body to look behind you is a movement described in the transverse plane.

Yana da muhimmanci wajen bayyana motsin juyawa da kuma hanyoyin bincike k**ar ultrasound da CT scan.

This plane is also used to identify levels of abdominal organs.
Example: Doctors use transverse cuts to locate the liver, stomach, or kidneys during scans.

Haka kuma ana amfani da wannan layi wajen gano matsayin sassan ciki.

EXAMPLE (English only)

During a CT scan of the abdomen the images are taken in the transverse plane which helps the health worker see the organs from top to bottom.
Simple example: The CT machine takes pictures layer by layer from the upper stomach to the lower abdomen.

IMPORTANCE IN NIGERIA AND GLOBALLY

Understanding anatomical positions and body planes helps nurses perform accurate assessments conduct physical examinations and communicate findings clearly.
Example: A nurse identifying the exact location of a wound on a patient’s chest uses body planes.

*Fahimtar matsayai da rabe raben jiki yana taimaka wa nas-nurse su gudanar da bincike na gaskiya su yi gwajin jiki kuma su bayyana sak**akon su cikin sauƙi.

It improves patient safety during procedures such as injections wound dressing physiotherapy and surgery in both Nigerian and global healthcare settings.
Example: If a nurse knows the correct plane of the body, she gives injections in the correct area safely.

*Yana ƙara tsaro ga marasa lafiya a hanyoyin jinya k**ar allura gyaran rauni motsa jiki da tiyata a Najeriya da duniya baki ɗaya.

Dr. Idris Muhammad

03/12/2025

03/12/2025

03/12/2025

03/12/2025

02/12/2025

02/12/2025

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