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Dr. Idris Muhammad, ZARIA, Zaria (2025)

29/10/2025

📘CHEW 100L FIRST SEMESTER
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

TOPIC: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

JIGO: TSARIN NUMFASHI

Definition

Ma’ana

The respiratory system is the body system responsible for breathing.
Tsarin numfashi shi ne tsarin jiki da ke da alhakin shakar iska da fitar da ita.

It enables the exchange of gases — oxygen is taken into the body, and carbon dioxide is expelled.
Yana ba da damar musayar iskar gas — iskar oxygen tana shiga jiki, sannan iskar carbon dioxide tana fita.

This process is essential for maintaining life and ensuring that every cell receives the oxygen needed for energy production.
Wannan tsari yana da muhimmanci wajen ci gaba da rayuwa da tabbatar da cewa kowace ƙwayar jiki tana samun iskar oxygen da ake bukata don samar da kuzari.

Main Components of the Respiratory System

Muhimman Sassan Tsarin Numfashi

The respiratory system is made up of several organs that work together to allow breathing and gas exchange.
Tsarin numfashi ya ƙunshi sassa da dama da ke aiki tare domin ba da damar shakar iska da fitar da gas.

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Hanci da Ramin Hanci

The nose is the main entry point for air.
Hanci shi ne babban hanyar da iska ke shiga jiki.

The nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens the air before it passes into the lungs.
Ramin hanci yana tacewa, dumama, da laushar iska kafin ta shiga huhu.

Pharynx (Throat)

Makogwaro

The pharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food.
Makogwaro na zama hanya ga iska da abinci.

It directs air from the nasal cavity to the larynx.
Yana kai iskar daga ramin hanci zuwa akwatin murya.

Larynx (Voice Box)

Akwatin Murya

The larynx contains the vocal cords and helps produce sound.
Akwatin murya yana ɗauke da igiyoyin murya kuma yana taimakawa wajen fitar da sauti.

It also prevents food from entering the airway.
Haka kuma yana hana abinci shiga hanyar iska.

Trachea (Windpipe)

Bututun Numfashi

The trachea is a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi.
Bututun numfashi hanya ce da ke haɗa akwatin murya da rassan huhu.

It carries air to and from the lungs.
Yana ɗaukar iska zuwa da kuma daga huhu.

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Rassan Huhu da Ƙananan Rassa

The bronchi are two tubes that branch from the trachea into each lung.
Rassan huhu bututu biyu ne da ke fita daga bututun numfashi zuwa kowane huhu.

They further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which distribute air evenly throughout the lungs.
Sannan suna rabuwa zuwa ƙananan rassan da ake kira bronchioles, waɗanda ke rarraba iska cikin huhu gaba ɗaya.

Lungs

Huhu

The lungs are the main organs of respiration.
Huhu su ne manyan sassan da ke da alhakin numfashi.

They contain tiny air sacs called alveoli where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Suna ɗauke da ƙananan jakunkuna na iska da ake kira alveoli inda ake musayar iskar oxygen da carbon dioxide.

Diaphragm

Tsokar Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs.
Tsokar diaphragm tsoka ce mai siffar rufi da ke ƙasa da huhu.

It contracts and relaxes to control breathing.
Tana matsewa da saki don sarrafa numfashi.

Functions of the Respiratory System

Ayyukan Tsarin Numfashi

The respiratory system performs several vital functions:
Tsarin numfashi yana aiwatar da muhimman ayyuka da dama:

It supplies oxygen to the blood for distribution to body cells.
Yana bai wa jini iskar oxygen domin rarrabawa ga ƙwayoyin jiki.

It removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism.
Yana fitar da iskar carbon dioxide, wadda sharar metabolism ce.

It helps regulate the pH (acidity) of the blood.
Yana taimakawa wajen daidaita pH ko zafin jinin jiki.

It produces sound for speech.
Yana taimakawa wajen samar da sauti don magana.

It assists in the sense of smell.
Yana taimakawa wajen jin ƙamshi.

Example

Misali

When a person in Nigeria walks under the hot sun, the body needs more oxygen to maintain energy.
Idan mutum a Najeriya yana tafiya ƙarƙashin rana mai zafi, jikinsa yana buƙatar ƙarin iskar oxygen don kula da kuzari.

The breathing rate increases, allowing more oxygen to reach the lungs and blood, which helps maintain normal body function.
Yawan numfashi yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin iskar oxygen ta isa huhu da jini, hakan yana taimakawa wajen daidaiton ayyukan jiki.

Case Study

Nazarin Lamari

In a rural community in northern Nigeria, a child exposed to smoke from firewood cooking develops persistent coughing and difficulty in breathing.
A wani ƙauye a arewacin Najeriya, yaro da yake shakar hayaƙin itacen girki yana fara tari da wahalar numfashi.

The healthcare worker identifies this as a possible case of bronchitis — an inflammation of the airways caused by smoke inhalation.
Ma’aikacin lafiya ya gano wannan a matsayin bronchitis — kumburin hanyoyin iska da hayaƙi ke haifarwa.

Advising the family to use improved cooking stoves and ensure proper ventilation helps prevent further respiratory problems.
Bayar da shawarar a yi amfani da murhun zamani da samun iskar shiga ɗaki yadda ya kamata yana taimakawa wajen hana matsalolin numfashi nan gaba.

COMMON DISEASES THAT CAN AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CUTUKA DA SUKAN K**A TSARIN NUMFASHI

1. Asthma

1. Asma

Asthma is a chronic condition in which the airways become narrow and inflamed, making breathing difficult.
Asma cuta ce ta dindindin wadda hanyoyin iska ke ƙanƙancewa kuma su kumbura, hakan yana sa wahalar numfashi.

Common symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.
Alamominta sun haɗa da bushewar iska, ƙarancin numfashi, da tari.

Triggers include dust, smoke, cold air, and exercise.
Abubuwan da ke jawo ta sun haɗa da ƙura, hayaƙi, iska mai sanyi, da motsa jiki.

2. Pneumonia

2. Ciwon Huhu (Pneumonia)

Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation of the lungs.
Pneumonia cutar ƙwayoyin cuta ce da ke haifar da kumburin huhu.

It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Ana iya samun ta daga ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta, ko naman gwari.

Symptoms include fever, chest pain, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
Alamominta sun haɗa da zazzaɓi, ciwon ƙirji, tari, da wahalar numfashi.

In Nigeria, pneumonia is a major cause of death among children under five years old.
A Najeriya, pneumonia tana daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwar yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar.

3. Tuberculosis (TB)

3. Cutar Tarin Tiwon (TB)

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Cutar tarin tiwon cutar ƙwayar cuta ce da ƙwayar Mycobacterium tuberculosis ke haifarwa.

It mainly affects the lungs and spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Yana fi kamawa huhu kuma yana yaduwa ta iska idan mai cutar ya yi tari ko atishawa.

Common symptoms include prolonged coughing, chest pain, night sweats, and weight loss.
Alamominta sun haɗa da tari mai tsawo, ciwon ƙirji, zufa da dare, da rage nauyi.

TB is a public health concern both in Nigeria and globally.
Tarin tiwo matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya a Najeriya da ma duniya baki ɗaya.

4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

4. Cutar Tsawon Lokacin Toshewar Huhu (COPD)

This is a long-term disease that causes airflow blockage and breathing problems, often due to smoking or long-term exposure to irritants.
Wannan cuta ce ta dogon lokaci da ke haifar da toshewar hanyoyin iska da matsalar numfashi, galibi saboda shan taba ko dogon lokaci da hayaƙi ko ƙura.

5. COVID-19

5. Cutar COVID-19

COVID-19 is a viral respiratory infection caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
COVID-19 cuta ce ta iskar numfashi da ƙwayar coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ke haifarwa.

It can lead to cough, fever, and shortness of breath.
Tana iya haifar da tari, zazzaɓi, da ƙarancin numfashi.

Severe cases may cause pneumonia and respiratory failure.
A lokuta masu tsanani tana iya jawo ciwon huhu da gaza numfashi.

It has affected millions worldwide, including Nigeria.
Tana daga cikin cututtuka da s**a shafi miliyoyin mutane a duniya, har da Najeriya.

29/10/2025

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29/10/2025

📘 PHARMACY TECHNICIAN 200L FIRST SEMESTER

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Calculations
Course Code: EDT 253
Credit Unit: 3
Semester: First Semester
Level: 200 Level
Lecture Eight: Percentages in Preparations
Subtopic: Percentage Weight in Volume (w/v)
Prepared by: ✍️ Idris M. Muhammad

TOPIC: PERCENTAGE WEIGHT IN VOLUME (w/v)

JIGO: NAUYIN KASHI A CIKIN ƘARFIN RUWA (w/v)

Definition
Ma’ana

Percentage weight in volume (w/v) means the number of grams of solute (the solid substance) present in 100 millilitres of the total solution.
Nauyin kashi a cikin ƙarfin ruwa (w/v) yana nufin adadin gram na abin da aka narkar (abin ƙarfi) da ke cikin mililita 100 na gabaɗayan maganin.

It is commonly used for liquid preparations that contain solid solutes, such as injections, syrups, and oral solutions.
Ana yawan amfani da wannan tsarin wajen shirya magungunan ruwa da ke ɗauke da abubuwan da ke narkewa, kamar allura, syrup, da magungunan baki.

This system is widely used in Nigeria and globally in hospital and community pharmacies to ensure the correct concentration of medicines for safe and effective treatment.
Ana amfani da wannan tsarin sosai a Najeriya da sauran duniya a asibitoci da shagunan magani domin tabbatar da daidaitaccen ƙarfi na magani don samun tsaro da ingantaccen magani.

Formula

Tsari

% w/v = (Weight of solute in grams ÷ Volume of solution in millilitres) × 100
% w/v = (Nauyin abin da aka narkar a cikin gram ÷ Ƙarfin maganin a cikin mililita) × 100

Where:
Inda:

Weight of solute = the amount of solid drug in grams.
Nauyin abin da aka narkar = adadin maganin ƙarfi a cikin gram.

Volume of solution = the total volume of the liquid preparation in millilitres (mL).
Ƙarfin maganin = gabaɗayan ƙarfin maganin ruwa a cikin mililita (mL).

Examples and Calculations

Misalai da Lissafi

Example 1:
Misali na 1:
5 g of sodium chloride dissolved in 100 mL of water gives
5 g na sodium chloride da aka narke a cikin 100 mL na ruwa zai bada

% w/v = (5 ÷ 100) × 100
% w/v = (5 ÷ 100) × 100

% w/v = 5% w/v sodium chloride solution.
% w/v = 5% w/v maganin sodium chloride.

Example 2:
Misali na 2:
10 g of glucose in 200 mL of solution gives
10 g na glucose a cikin 200 mL na magani zai bada

% w/v = (10 ÷ 200) × 100
% w/v = (10 ÷ 200) × 100

% w/v = 5% w/v glucose solution.
% w/v = 5% w/v maganin glucose.

Example 3:
Misali na 3:
20 g of sucrose in 100 mL of syrup gives
20 g na sukrose a cikin 100 mL na syrup zai bada

% w/v = (20 ÷ 100) × 100
% w/v = (20 ÷ 100) × 100

% w/v = 20% w/v sucrose syrup.
% w/v = 20% w/v syrup ɗin sukrose.

Example 4:
Misali na 4:
2 g of hydrogen peroxide in 100 mL of water gives
2 g na hydrogen peroxide a cikin 100 mL na ruwa zai bada

% w/v = (2 ÷ 100) × 100
% w/v = (2 ÷ 100) × 100

% w/v = 2% w/v hydrogen peroxide solution.
% w/v = 2% w/v maganin hydrogen peroxide.

Example 5:
Misali na 5:
8 g of potassium permanganate in 400 mL of water gives
8 g na potassium permanganate a cikin 400 mL na ruwa zai bada

% w/v = (8 ÷ 400) × 100
% w/v = (8 ÷ 400) × 100

% w/v = 2% w/v potassium permanganate solution.
% w/v = 2% w/v maganin potassium permanganate.

Example 6:
Misali na 6:
5 g of phenol in 250 mL of solution gives
5 g na phenol a cikin 250 mL na magani zai bada

% w/v = (5 ÷ 250) × 100
% w/v = (5 ÷ 250) × 100

% w/v = 2% w/v phenol solution.
% w/v = 2% w/v maganin phenol.

Example 7:
Misali na 7:
50 g of glucose in 1000 mL of intravenous (IV) solution gives
50 g na glucose a cikin 1000 mL na maganin jini (IV) zai bada

% w/v = (50 ÷ 1000) × 100
% w/v = (50 ÷ 1000) × 100

% w/v = 5% w/v glucose infusion.
% w/v = 5% w/v ruwan glucose na asibiti.

Importance of Percentage Weight in Volume (w/v)

Muhimmancin Nauyin Kashi a Cikin Ƙarfin Ruwa (w/v)

1. Ensures accurate preparation of liquid medicines.
Yana tabbatar da shirya magungunan ruwa cikin daidai.

2. Maintains standard drug concentration for patient safety.
Yana kiyaye daidaiton ƙarfi na magani domin tsaron marasa lafiya.

3. Helps in dilution and formulation of syrups, infusions, and injections.
Yana taimakawa wajen rage ƙarfi da shirya syrup, ruwan jini, da allurai.

4. Used globally in pharmaceutical manufacturing, hospitals, and laboratories.
Ana amfani da shi a duniya wajen ƙera magunguna, a asibitoci, da dakin gwaje-gwaje.

28/10/2025

📘 NURSING ANATOMY

Programme: Basic Nursing (Year One – Second Semester)
Course Title: Anatomy and Physiology II
Course Code: GNS 121
Duration: 90 Hours (30 Lectures)
Credit Units: 4
Prepared by: ✍️ Idris M. Muhammad

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LECTURE 23: STRUCTURE OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – INTERNAL AND ACCESSORY ORGANS

INTRODUCTION

The internal and accessory organs of the female reproductive system are the main organs responsible for the production of eggs, fertilization, and the development of the fetus. These organs also play essential roles in hormonal regulation, menstruation, and childbirth. Understanding these structures is vital for nurses, especially in reproductive health education, fertility care, and maternal health services both in Nigeria and globally.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Reproductive Organs are organs involved in producing and transporting gametes and supporting reproduction.
Ovaries are female go**ds that produce eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian Tubes are narrow tubes that transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
Uterus is a muscular organ where the fertilized egg implants and grows into a fetus.
Cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the va**na.
Va**na is the muscular canal that serves as the passage for menstrual flow, s*xual in*******se, and childbirth.
Accessory Organs are organs that support reproductive functions, such as mammary glands for milk production.

OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNAL AND ACCESSORY ORGANS

The female internal reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and va**na. The accessory organs include the mammary glands. These organs work together to ensure reproduction, hormonal balance, and nurturing of life from conception to birth.

In Nigeria and around the world, reproductive health issues such as infertility, infections, and hormonal imbalance are common, making the understanding of these organs essential for nursing practice.

OVARIES

The ovaries are two small almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus. They produce female s*x cells (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the body for pregnancy.
Example: Just as testicles produce s***m in males, ovaries produce eggs in females.
Case Study: A Nigerian woman in her mid-30s was diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), leading to irregular menstruation and infertility. With medical management and counseling by nurses, her condition improved.
Globally, ovarian disorders are among the leading causes of female infertility, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

FALLOPIAN TUBES

The fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, extend from the uterus toward the ovaries. Their main function is to transport eggs from the o***y to the uterus. Fertilization usually occurs within these tubes.
Example: The fallopian tubes act as the bridge between the o***y and uterus, guiding the egg toward the site of implantation.
Case Study: A woman in Lagos experienced severe abdominal pain due to a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, where the fertilized egg implanted in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus. Early detection by trained nurses saved her life.
Globally, ectopic pregnancies remain a major reproductive emergency requiring quick medical attention.

UTERUS

The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ shaped like an inverted pear, located in the pelvis between the bladder and re**um. It is divided into the fundus, body, and cervix. Its main function is to house and nourish a developing fetus.
Example: During pregnancy, the uterus expands to accommodate the growing baby and contracts during childbirth to aid delivery.
Case Study: In a maternity ward in Abuja, a pregnant woman with weak uterine contractions was managed successfully with oxytocin and nursing support.
Globally, the uterus symbolizes motherhood and plays a central role in women’s health and reproduction.

CERVIX

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the va**na. It serves as a gateway that opens during menstruation, childbirth, and s*xual in*******se. It also produces mucus that helps or hinders s***m movement depending on the stage of the menstrual cycle.
Example: During childbirth, the cervix dilates to allow the baby to pass from the uterus to the birth canal.
Case Study: In a Nigerian cervical cancer screening program, many women were found to have precancerous changes. Nurses played key roles in early detection and education about the HPV vaccine.
Globally, cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among women, highlighting the importance of regular screening.

VA**NA

The va**na is a muscular and elastic canal that extends from the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the passageway for menstrual flow, s*xual in*******se, and childbirth.
Example: The va**na self-cleans through the secretion of mucus that maintains a healthy pH and prevents infections.
Case Study: A teenage girl in Kano complained of foul va**nal discharge. With proper education and treatment, her hygiene and reproductive health improved.
Globally, nurses play a major role in educating women about va**nal hygiene, prevention of infections, and safe s*xual practices.

MAMMARY GLANDS (BREASTS)

The mammary glands are considered accessory reproductive organs because they produce milk to nourish newborns after birth. Each breast contains lobes of glandular tissue that secrete milk under the influence of hormones like prolactin and oxytocin.
Example: During breastfeeding, the baby’s suckling stimulates oxytocin, which helps eject milk from the breasts.
Case Study: A nursing mother in Kaduna experienced breast engorgement due to poor breastfeeding technique. Nurses assisted her with proper positioning and frequent feeding, which relieved her discomfort.
Globally, breastfeeding is encouraged for at least six months, as it provides essential nutrients and strengthens the baby’s immune system.

FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE

The internal and accessory organs of the female reproductive system work together to produce and transport eggs, allow fertilization, and support pregnancy and childbirth. They also play a role in hormonal balance and secondary s*xual characteristics.
Example: When a girl reaches puberty, her ovaries begin to produce hormones that lead to breast development and menstrual cycles.
Case Study: In rural Nigeria, lack of knowledge about reproductive anatomy has led to myths and health issues. Community nurses provide health talks that promote understanding of female physiology and encourage early health-seeking behavior.

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Nurses must understand the anatomy and functions of these organs to provide effective reproductive and maternal health care. They play key roles in health education, screening for reproductive diseases, and supporting women during pregnancy and childbirth.
Example: In antenatal clinics, nurses educate pregnant women about the importance of prenatal care and monitoring uterine growth.
Globally, nurses contribute to reducing maternal mortality through early detection of complications and promoting safe reproductive practices.

28/10/2025

📘CHEW 300L FIRST SEMESTER

COURSE TITLE: COMMUNITY DISASTER AND COMPLEX EMERGENCIES MANAGEMENT
COURSE CODE: CHE 315
PROGRAMME: DIPLOMA IN COMMUNITY HEALTH
LECTURE NINE
TOPIC: KEY ACTORS IN HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE

Humanitarian response involves the combined efforts of several organizations, agencies, and groups working together to reduce suffering, save lives, and restore normalcy after disasters and emergencies.
Amsa ta jin kai tana haɗa ƙoƙarin kungiyoyi, hukumomi, da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke aiki tare don rage wahala, ceton rayuka, da dawo da al’amura cikin yanayi na al’ada bayan bala’o’i da gaggawa.

Each actor has a specific role and responsibility to ensure that affected populations receive timely and effective support.
Kowane mai ruwa da tsaki yana da rawar da yake takawa da alhakin da yake da shi don tabbatar da cewa mutanen da abin ya shafa sun samu taimako cikin lokaci da inganci.

Understanding these key actors helps community health practitioners coordinate properly and identify available resources during emergencies.
Fahimtar waɗannan manyan masu hannu a cikin harkar jin kai yana taimakawa ma’aikatan lafiya na al’umma su tsara aikin su yadda ya kamata kuma su gano albarkatun da ake da su lokacin gaggawa.

Humanitarian Response is the organized effort to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity during and after emergencies.
Amsa ta jin kai ita ce ƙoƙarin da aka tsara don ceton rayuka, rage wahala, da kuma kiyaye mutunci na ɗan adam yayin da kuma bayan gaggawa.

Agency refers to an organization or institution that has authority or responsibility for providing services or support during a disaster.
Hukuma tana nufin wata cibiya ko ƙungiya da ke da iko ko alhakin bayar da sabis ko taimako yayin da bala’i ya faru.

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is an independent group that operates without government control, often focusing on humanitarian and development activities.
Ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba (NGO) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki ba tare da ikon gwamnati ba, wadda galibi take mai da hankali kan ayyukan jin kai da ci gaba.

Community-Based Organization (CBO) is a local group formed by community members to address their specific needs and challenges.
Ƙungiyar da ta samo asali daga al’umma (CBO) ƙungiya ce ta yankin da mambobinta ke ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin da s**a shafe su kai tsaye.

Faith-Based Organization (FBO) is a religious or faith-driven group involved in charitable and humanitarian work.
Ƙungiya ta addini (FBO) ƙungiya ce da ke dogaro da addini wajen bayar da taimako da gudanar da ayyukan jin kai.

Government Agency is an official department or organization responsible for implementing national or state policies and programs, including disaster management.
Hukumar gwamnati ita ce sashen hukuma ko cibiya da ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin ƙasa ko jiha, ciki har da kula da bala’o’i.

International organizations play a central role in coordinating global humanitarian responses and supporting affected countries with expertise, funds, and materials.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara ayyukan jin kai a duniya da kuma tallafawa ƙasashe da abin ya shafa da ƙwarewa, kuɗi, da kayan aiki.

World Health Organization (WHO) provides technical guidance on public health emergencies, disease control, and coordination of medical response.
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana bayar da jagora na fasaha kan harkokin lafiyar gaggawa, yaƙi da cututtuka, da daidaita amsa ta likitoci.

Example WHO supports Nigeria in managing cholera and COVID-19 outbreaks by supplying vaccines and emergency medical kits.
Misali WHO tana taimaka wa Najeriya wajen yaki da cutar kwalera da COVID-19 ta hanyar bayar da alluran rigakafi da kayan gaggawa na lafiya.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) focuses on protecting children and women by providing nutrition, immunization, safe water, and education during emergencies.
Asusun yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) yana mai da hankali kan kare yara da mata ta hanyar samar da abinci mai gina jiki, rigakafi, ruwa mai tsabta, da ilimi yayin bala’o’i.

Example UNICEF provides child protection and nutrition programs for displaced children in Borno State and other conflict areas in Nigeria.
Misali UNICEF tana bayar da shirye-shiryen kariya da abinci ga yara da s**a rasa muhallinsu a Jihar Borno da wasu wurare masu rikici a Najeriya.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is responsible for protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.
Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ’yan gudun hijira (UNHCR) tana da alhakin kare da taimaka wa ’yan gudun hijira, waɗanda s**a rasa matsugunnai, da masu neman mafaka.

Example UNHCR builds shelters and provides relief materials to refugees in Nigeria’s border communities and conflict-affected zones globally.
Misali UNHCR tana gina wuraren zama da bayar da kayan agaji ga ’yan gudun hijira a kan iyakokin Najeriya da sauran yankuna masu rikici a duniya.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) provides emergency relief, first aid, and humanitarian assistance in disasters worldwide.
Ƙungiyar Ƙetare ta Giciye Ja da Crescent Ja (IFRC) tana bayar da taimakon gaggawa, jinya, da agajin jin kai a bala’o’i na duniya.

Example The Nigerian Red Cross Society collaborates with IFRC to provide food, first aid, and shelter to flood victims across Nigeria.
Misali Ƙungiyar Giciye Ja ta Najeriya tana aiki tare da IFRC wajen bayar da abinci, jinya, da matsugunni ga waɗanda ambaliya ta shafa a Najeriya.

Non-Governmental Organizations complement the efforts of governments and international agencies by offering specialized support, healthcare, and social services in emergencies.
Ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba suna taimakawa gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar bayar da sabis na musamman na lafiya da jin kai a lokacin gaggawa.

Médecins Sans Frontières also known as Doctors Without Borders provides free medical care in areas affected by war, epidemics, and disasters.
Likitoci marasa iyaka (MSF) suna bayar da kulawar lafiya kyauta a wuraren da yaƙi, annoba, ko bala’o’i s**a shafa.

Example MSF has been active in Borno and Zamfara States offering treatment to victims of conflict and malnutrition.
Misali MSF tana aiki a Jihohin Borno da Zamfara tana ba da magani ga waɗanda rikici ko yunwa s**a shafa.

Save the Children focuses on improving the survival, protection, and development of children affected by crises.
Ƙungiyar Save the Children tana mai da hankali kan ceto, kariya, da ci gaban yara da rikice-rikice s**a shafa.

Example In Nigeria and globally Save the Children provides nutrition support, psychosocial care, and education for children displaced by disasters.
Misali a Najeriya da duniya baki ɗaya, Save the Children tana bayar da abinci, kulawa ta kwakwalwa, da ilimi ga yara da bala’o’i s**a raba da gidajensu.

Community-Based and Faith-Based Organizations operate within communities and are often the first to respond when disasters occur.
Ƙungiyoyin al’umma da na addini suna aiki a cikin al’umma kuma su ne galibi ke fara amsa lokacin da bala’i ya faru.

Their deep understanding of local conditions makes them effective in mobilizing support.
Fahimtar su mai zurfi game da yanayin yankin na taimakawa wajen samun nasarar tashi tsaye cikin gaggawa.

Community-Based Organizations such as youth groups and women’s associations help distribute relief materials and monitor vulnerable families.
Ƙungiyoyin al’umma kamar ƙungiyoyin matasa da na mata suna taimakawa wajen raba kayan agaji da lura da iyalai masu rauni.

Example Local women’s groups in Kogi State helped identify pregnant women during flood emergencies to ensure they received medical care.
Misali ƙungiyoyin mata a Jihar Kogi sun taimaka wajen gano mata masu juna biyu lokacin ambaliya don su samu kulawar lafiya.

Faith-Based Organizations like churches, mosques, and religious charities provide shelter, food, and counseling to affected persons.
Ƙungiyoyin addini kamar coci, masallatai, da ƙungiyoyin addini suna bayar da matsugunni, abinci, da shawarwari ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.

Example Faith-based groups in Plateau and Benue States provided safe spaces and food supplies for displaced families during communal conflicts.
Misali ƙungiyoyin addini a Jihohin Filato da Benue sun samar da wuraren zama da abinci ga iyalai da rikicin ƙabilanci ya raba da muhallansu.

Government agencies play a leadership role in disaster coordination, policy development, and resource mobilization.
Hukumomin gwamnati suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar tsara manufofi da haɗa albarkatu yayin bala’o’i.

National Emergency Management Agency coordinates national disaster response efforts and provides relief materials to affected communities.
Hukumar Kula da Bala’o’i ta Ƙasa (NEMA) tana tsara amsa ta ƙasa da raba kayan agaji ga al’umma da abin ya shafa.

Example NEMA distributed food and non-food items to flood victims in Anambra, Bayelsa, and Kogi States.
Misali NEMA ta raba abinci da kayan amfanin yau da kullum ga waɗanda ambaliya ta shafa a Jihohin Anambra, Bayelsa, da Kogi.

State Emergency Management Agency operates at the state level, working with NEMA and local authorities to implement disaster response plans.
Hukumar Kula da Bala’o’i ta Jiha (SEMA) tana aiki a matakin jiha tare da NEMA da hukumomin yankin wajen aiwatar da tsare-tsaren amsa.

Example SEMA Borno collaborates with NEMA and NGOs to support displaced persons in camps.
Misali SEMA Borno tana aiki tare da NEMA da NGOs wajen taimaka wa mutanen da ke cikin sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira.

Federal and State Ministries of Health manage disease surveillance, immunization, and emergency medical services during disasters.
Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya da Jihohi tana lura da yaɗuwar cututtuka, rigakafi, da hidimar gaggawa ta lafiya yayin bala’i.

Example The Ministry of Health leads cholera vaccination campaigns in collaboration with WHO and UNICEF.
Misali Ma’aikatar Lafiya tana jagorantar allurar rigakafin kwalera tare da haɗin gwiwar WHO da UNICEF.

The military and security agencies provide critical logistical support, transportation, and rescue operations during disasters.
Sojoji da hukumomin tsaro suna bayar da taimako wajen sufuri, tsaro, da aikin ceto yayin bala’o’i.

They ensure safety and help in distributing relief materials in hard-to-reach areas.
Suna tabbatar da tsaro kuma suna taimakawa wajen raba kayan agaji a wuraren da ba a iya isa da sauƙi ba.

Example The Nigerian Army assisted in evacuating flood victims and delivering food supplies to remote communities in Niger and Kebbi States.
Misali Sojojin Najeriya sun taimaka wajen kwashe waɗanda ambaliya ta shafa da rarraba abinci ga yankunan da ke da nisa a Jihohin Neja da Kebbi.

Globally, military units have supported humanitarian operations during earthquakes and tsunamis in countries like Indonesia and Japan.
A duniya dakarun soja sun taimaka wajen ayyukan jin kai yayin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami a ƙasashe kamar Indonesia da Japan.

During the 2022 flooding in Nigeria, NEMA, the Red Cross, and several NGOs worked together to provide food, clean water, and temporary shelters for displaced families.
Lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara ta 2022 a Najeriya, NEMA, Giciye Ja, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi aiki tare wajen bayar da abinci, ruwa mai tsabta, da matsugunni ga iyalai da s**a rasa gidajensu.

Military personnel supported logistics while UNICEF ensured that children received vaccination and nutrition support.
Sojoji sun taimaka wajen sufuri yayin da UNICEF ta tabbatar cewa yara sun sami rigakafi da abinci mai gina jiki.

Dr. Idris Muhammad

29/10/2025

29/10/2025

29/10/2025

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