07/05/2023
If your interested - over the next few days.
acquainted with the basics of anatomy and physiology.
Metabolism - all the chemical reactions that keep you alive.
Keep everything in check - maintaining balance in our bodies.
Brush up on biochemistry.
Find the fundamentals of cell biology.
See how cells organise into tissues.
Bare with me lol I do need to write this here in my spare time and I’m only a two finger Typer.
But it’s coming..
Anatomy is the the human body’s structures of all the parts that make up the physical body itself. Physiology is how the human body works; how all the anatomical parts function together to keep an individual alive.
Human anatomy and physiology are
Closely related to biology which is the study of living things and their relationship with the rest of the universe including all other living things. Biology is the basis of how organisms operate. Anatomy and physiology narrows the science of biology by looking at the specifics of one species - YOU/US : human/ humans Homo sapiens. Lol got it. More tomorrow.
Anatomy is form think internal organs and where they live in your body, physiology is function think how those organs work and what the body needs to do 24/7 to insure they keep working. You cannot talk about one without talking about the other.
What your body does all day. What is an organism it’s a living unit that metabolises and maintains its own existence or in other words you and I. Your do to list crowded as it is, doesn’t include items such as take ten breaths every minute or at 11.30am open sweat glands. The process your body must carry out minute by minute to keep you alive.not to mention the biochemical reactions that happen millions of times a second cannot be left to the distractible frontal lobes ie the conscious planning part of your brain. Instead your organs and organ systems function together smoothly to carry out these processes and reactions automatically, without the activity ever coming to your conscious attention.
All day all night. Year in year out. Your body builds,maintains, and sustains every part of you. Keeps your temperature and fluid content within some fairly precise defined ranges. Transfers substances from out side to inside and back out again.
This is your metabolism. You living 24/7 without knowing how you are doing it. You just do.
Will get more into it.
Metabolism
A organism “you” is a living unit that metabolises and maintains its own existence. The first law of thermodynamics states energy can be neither created or destroyed - it can only change form. Energy changes form continuously in some very special ways, within you. The basic function of you is to take part in the continuous flow of energy. As you ingest energy (take in) energy into the form of matter - this means you eat the bodies of other organisms. You use the energy stored in the chemical bonds of that matter to fuel the processes of your metabolism. That energy is thereby transformed into matter called (you).
(The material in your cells). Lol how we doing keeping up lol ok get this then. The matter that’s not (you) is the material in your exhaled breath and your urine and some heat radiated from the body into the environment.
Herero means “other” and troph means “nourishment”. A heterotroph or organism or you, gets it’s/your nourishment from others, as apposed to an autotroph witch make its own nourishment. Ie as a plant does. Plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in carbohydrates, which comprise most of the matter of the plant bodies, recycling the waste matter
(carbon dioxide) of your metabolic process. Energy goes around and around and some of it is always glowing through your body being transformed constantly as it does so. So how can I put this lol yes ok lol you are part of cosmic dimensions.
Right lol - metabolism describes all the chemical reactions that happen in your body. Two kinds anabolic makes things (molecules) and catabolic breaks things down. Your body performs anabolic and catabolic reactions at the same time 24/7 to keep you alive and functioning. Even when sleeping you cells are busy. Sad as this next comment is - your body just never get to rest until you’re dead.
Right next - the reactions that your cells undergo to convert fuel to usable energy. Ready?
Why your cells metabolize
Bit of a biggy lol going to let my two fingers rest a bit lol back soon
Why your cells metabolize
Even when you’re outside is staying still, your insides are moving. Day and night, your muscles twitch and contract and Maintain “tone”. your heart beats. Your blood circulates. Your diaphragm moves up and down with every breath. Nervous impulses travel. Your brain keeps tabs on everything. You think. Even when you’re asleep, you dream, that is a form of thinking. Your intestines push the food you ate hours ago along your alimentary canal. Your kidneys filter your blood and make urine. Your sweat glands open and close. Your eyes blink, and even during sleep, they move. The processes that keep you alive are always active.
Every cell in you body is a tiny factory. Converting raw materials to useful molecules ie proteins and thousands of other products I’ll talk about later. The raw nutrients from food you eat, and the cells use the nutrients in metabolic reactions. During these reactions, some of the energy from nutrients is used to generate a compound called (ATP).
(ATP) is the molecule your cells can actually use to power all those/your chemical reactions.
Nutrients are catabolized (broken down)
(ATP) is formed (anabolized). And
When needed, ATP is catabolised
(broken down) (for energy). So to make or formed and to break down is your physiology, and this is required to maintain your life. Cellular metabolism also makes waste that must be removed from the cell and ultimately from the/your body.
Right - how your cells metabolize.
The reaction that convert fuel specifically
(Glucose) to usable energy (ATP) including glycolysis, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and oxidative phosphorylation lol whooooo big word lol. Together these reactions are referred to as cellular respiration. These are the complex pathways. So the three main components of cellular respiration are.
Glycolysis
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Oxidative phosphorylation, that word again.
All of which converts energy from fuel to ATP
Right time to get deeper into the above three main components of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis pathway (glycolysis)
Glucose - the smallest molecule that a carbohydrate can be broken down into during digestion - goes threw the process of glycolysis, which starts cellular respiration and uses some energy(ATP) itself. Glycolysis occurs and does not need oxygen. Two molecules of ATP are required to start and move into aerobic and anaerobic respiration. This is called the Krebs cycle.
Is hard to get your head around the big words regarding this so I’ll leave that here.
Remember we are talking how
When and why I’ll talk about later.
Right let’s talk maintain a constant temperature. Briefly as we will talk more about these four later.
Sweating - sweat glands in the skin open and dissipate heat by evaporating cooling water from the skin. They lclose to hold heat. Sweat glands open and close by muscles at the base of the gland deep under the skin.
Blood circulation - blood vessels close to dilate (enlarge) to dissipate heat in the blood threw the skin. Constrict (narrow) to hold heat. That’s why your skin flushes (reddens) when your hot. That’s the colour of your blood visible at the surface of your skin.
Muscle contraction - when sweat pours and blood vessels constriction are not enough to hold heat in cold conditions your muscles will contract automatically to generate heat.
This is called shivering
Insulation - fatty tissue under the skin provides insulation Holden warmth of the body in. Body hair helps to. But no that much ie needing a nice warm winter coat
Going to break it up a bit. I have been talking about the start and we are only up to cells lol so so so much more to go about the human body so much more. So I thought I’d break it up make it interesting and (warning) tell you about the last contraction the body’s last breath or how you die. Some may like to read and some may not but consider this your warning lol next is how you die how it happens why it happens and what is happen inside your body up to when you take your last breath and pass into the next life.
Okay warning from last time we chatted I said I’d tell you about the last contraction. About humans and how they pass i.e. die if you don’t want to read about this do not if you do want to read about this here you go
There comes a time for every animal (humans included) to die.fact that every animal again humans included get cold and Stiff tells others when that time has come. Do you know why? Okay the cells no longer make ATP.
At the moment of death, the lungs stop filling with oxygen, the heart stops pumping blood through the body, and the brain stops sending signals. The cells - without incoming oxygen, nitrogen or stimulus from the brain - ceased performing their metabolic reactions. So ATP can no longer be produced.
Without ATP flooding the myofibrils , contractions can’t occur, but neither can the last step of muscle contraction, the step that allows the muscles to relax. In order for myofril to relax, ATP must hook onto myosin and dissolve the anti - myosin cross -bridges. But when ATP is unavailable to generate a subsequent contraction, the last contraction becomes permanent, and the court Stiffens. Rigor mortis which means rigidity of death, occurs in every muscle throughout the body. And remember that movement of muscles generates heat, so when the muscles stop their physiological reactions and warm blood stops flowing through the blood vessels, the core gets cold.
Well there you go how you die lol sorry about that ok tomorrow back onto the cells
A watery environment is a requirement for a great proportion of metabolic reactions
The rest need a lipid or fatty environment.
Water is in your blood, cells, in spaces between your cells, digestive organs, here there and everywhere. It’s not pure water though. Water in your body is a solvent for thousands of different icons and molecules.
The solutes or (molecules) quantity and quality of the solutes (molecules) change the character of the solution (water) because the solutes (molecules) are constantly entering and leaving the water as they participate in or are generated by metabolic reactions. In you body your water must stay within certain bounds for the reactions to continue happening.
Change in the composition of urine
Kidney can measure the concentration of many solutes (water) in the blood. Sodium, potassium,calcium. Very important for the kidney to measure volume of water in your body by sending the pressure of your blood as it flows threw. Greater the volume of water the higher the blood pressure. If changes are to be made by bring the volume and composition of the blood back to an idle range the kidney incorporates more or less water, sodium, potassium, so on into the urine. That’s way your urine can be paler or darker at different times. This and other function will talk about later.
Glucose, the fuel of all cellular processes, is distributed to all cells dissolved in the blood. The concentration of glucose in your blood must be high enough to ensure your cells have enough fuel. But extra glucose in the cells can be bad to organs, tissue, especially where vessels are tiny ie retina of the eye hands and feet, kidneys. Enter diabetes, a disease were there is a chronic over concentration of glucose in the blood.
The amount of glucose in your blood is controlled mainly by the pancreas. Absorption by the small intestine put the glucose from injected food/maltrodextin into your blood. Insulin is a hormone released into the blood from the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. Most cells have receptors that bind the insulin which allows glucose into the cells of the liver, muscles, fat take the glucose and store it as glycogen. When your intestines are not taken glucose like hours after a meal the insulin is suppressed and stored glucose is released into your blood again.
More later on how the pancreas control of blood sugar levels.
Tomorrow how does the pancreas know when to release insulin and how much is enough.
How does your kidney know when the salt content in your blood is to high or to low.
What tells the sweat glands to open and close to cool or retain your body heat.
Hello everyone, just a quick update, all the below talk about the study of human anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy - what we are talking about now is all the parts that make up your body inside your physical body and what they do.
Physiology - to come later is the study of how all the anatomical parts work together to keep you alive. Not what they are but what they do.
So now anatomy - lungs, kidneys, cells etc
Later physiology - we will talk about how your anatomy parts inside work to keep you alive.
You begins as a single cell then a backbone head at top and a tail at the bottom. Don’t ask me about the tail lol I don’t know. Now your : 100 trillion cells lol biggggggg number, every cell has its own structure and job.
Just like you your cells are born, develop, work, get worn out lol and die. For you to survive these cells must be replaced constantly, by division of the same cell or differentiation of stem cells. The relative undifferentiated cells wait until called upon to divide. Some daughter cells differentiate into their specific programs type while others remain stem cells and wait until called upon. Stem cells are actively researched in regenerative medicine.
Red blood cells life cycle 120 days. New cells come from your red marrow of your bones and old are scavenged for iron in your spleen then broken down in your liver
The cells of the epidermis the outer layer of your skin are continually shed from the surface and replaced from below. The body replaces the entire epidermis about every 6 weeks.
The epithelial cells of the intestinal lining replaced every week.
Respiratory membrane cells about every week - more to come later
Bone a living tissues and very active. Bear your body weight and stress of impact. Tiny cracks in bone happen all the time are replaced constantly and quickly. Bones store metal irons, calcium witch flows in snd out your bones constantly.
Some cells replace at a very slow rate.
It was thought when brain cells die they were not replaced during adulthood but brain researchers have now shown this is not true. Neurons are designed to need to be replaced as they’re meant to last a lifetime. The process of new cells born in the adult brain have attracted much research interest.
Cardiac muscle - until recently it was believed this muscle couldn’t regenerate but this is now in question. In 2009 researches report healthy hearts cardiac muscle cells do divide- but slowly.
20 yr old renews 1% per year and about 45% of 50yr old are generated after birth.
Cuts have the cells replaced in a few days but when deep and the blood vessels are damaged it is a little more involved- more later on this.
The immediate rush of blood washes debris and microbes out of the wound. Then the vessels around the wound constrict to slow blood flow. Platelets in the blood stick to collagen fibres that make up the vessel wall forming a natural band aid then clotting happens and then a scab. If the wound is deep enough a scar tissue happens to add to extra strength to that area and no hair follicles, nails, glands are present. If the nerves are damaged there may be loss or no feeling.
Central nervous system in most cases the cells and tissues are incapable of self repair and regeneration thus poor prognosis in spinal cord cases.
Peripheral nerves transmit sensation or motor message between the central nervous system and the skin and skeletal muscles - again more on this later. Many of these neurons therefore are some of the oldest cells in your body. They do not
regenerate when they die from injury so some kind of nerve damage are permanent.
Biologists see life as existing at five levels of which the cellular level is the first. Basic principle of biology says all organisms are made up of cells and anything that has even only one cell is an organism. Understanding any aspect of cell biology is necessary for understanding any aspect of biology including human anatomy and physiology (you).
Function of cells.
Almost all structures of anatomy are built of cells. And also all the functions of physiology are carried out within (in) cells.
Cells come from other cells and no where else. At the beginning (you) two cells fuse to form one cell, and also in a lifetime of (you) two cells arise from the division of one cell and ultimately all your cells derive from the first cell. That how you build yourself from just one cell called (zygote) to a complex organism and you comprising trillions yes trillions of highly differentiated highly specialised and highly effective cells all working together in a coordinated way.
The first cell (zygote) made by lol you got it the birds and the bees s*x cells ha from the female and the male. The zygote first cell has two complete copies of DNA one from male and one from the female. The two copies combine in the zygote nucleus, the zygote said to be diploid having a complete double - set of DNA.
I’n form of cell division one cell divides into two daughter cells each complete but smaller than the original cell. Then each daughter cell goes on its own separate life. A cell destined to become a nerve cell starts down a path of differentiation and a cell destined to be a muscle cell start down another path. A stem cell divides and one daughter cell remains a stem cell and goes dividing again and again while the other daughter cell goes into a specific type of cell. Only some tissues have their own special stem cells such as skin and your blood.
All tissues are made of cells. The cells build and maintain it. Cells in a tissue are specialised for their anatomical or physiological function in the tissue.
In addition to the cells many tissues also contain structural proteins witch are made from the cells. Differentiated cells produce different proteins. Some produce many different proteins and some only a few protein in response to signals they receive from other cells. The process of protein construction is basically the same in every cell and for every protein. Most cells make ATP to fuel their own metabolism, the use glucose in the process respiration to do so. Some cells like lining of the small intestine absorb the glucose only to send it out the other side - allowing other cells access to this valuable resource. Sometime the glucose made available by the digestive system is too much to use at that moment thus some cells like in the liver functions to corral the extra glucose molecules and store them. Later when glucose is low these cells release some in the stores making it available to other cells. Many cells make chemicals that incorporate into tissues and participate in metabolic reactions. Cellular products include thousands of specific proteins and polypeptides signalling chemicals like neurotransmitters and hormones, small molecules and ions, lipoids of many kinds and structural molecules of many kinds. Some cells are a one job only each life cycle like red blood cells they do nothing but transport gas molecules from one place to another. When the gas transporting structures wear out the red blood cells have nothing to Do and are removed from circulation and broken down by the liver.
