Sante Barley Elites International-Coach Rosalie, Sudlon, Baras (2025)

15/08/2025

Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Evolving Concept of Life Based on Emerging Pieces of Evidence

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Dinosaurs are reptiles that existed for a very long time. Which era did these organisms evolve?
a. Cenozoic Era
b. Mesozoic Era
c. Paleozoic Era
d. Proterozoic Era

2. What are the first photosynthetic organisms that grew well on earth?
a. bryophyllum
b. cyanobacteria
c. stromatolites
d. zircon crystal

3. The oxygen revolution changed Earth’s environment dramatically. Which of the following adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?
a. The evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules.
b. The evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria
c. The evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes.
d. The evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen.

4. Why did it take millions of years for life to appear on Earth after the planet had formed?
a. It took millions of years for RNA to replace DNA.
b. The planet had warmed up enough to sustain life.
c. The planet had cooled down enough to sustain life.
d. Life on Earth could begin only when seedlings arrived on our planet from other worlds.

5. Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions on Earth?
a. eukaryotic and aerobic
b. eukaryotic and anaerobic
c. prokaryotic and aerobic
d. prokaryotic and anaerobic

6. What are called the remains of living organism used in understanding the history of life on earth?
a. bone
b. fossils
c. seeds
d. shells

7. Which statement is NOT true of fossils?
a. Plants can form fossils.
b. Some bacteria can form fossils.
c. Most extinct organisms have been preserved.
d. A small percent of extinct organisms is preserved.

8. Which of the following can be considered as a fossil?
a. a billion-year old rock
b. a billion-year old piece of amber
c. a billion-year old amber with a primitive insect inside
d. the choices are all correct

9. What unique substance do researchers look after in their study of eukaryotes?
a. biomarkers
b. fossils
c. mitochondria
d. stromatolites

10. What is the evidence for a last universal common ancestor among life on earth?
a. They are all aerobic.
b. They all look the same.
c. They all have the same synthesis pattern.
d. They share the same underlying molecular biology.

11. Which statement best shows the main significance of studying the past?
a. The past is attractive to look back.
b. It will give jobs for many scientists and paleontologists.
c. It will allow them to think what they need to study.
d. Understanding the past allows us to predict the future and help in creating it.

12. One significance of knowing the history of life is to determine the origin of one living organism. According to researchers, which of the following are the only surviving species of the genus Homo and one of the living evidences that life has existed on Earth?
a. birds
b. dinosaurs
c. human beings
d. sponges

13. Over the past decades, there are challenges that the environment has faced. Pandemics affected the lives of various living organisms. What is the significance of knowing this history?
a. It will give them an income.
b. They will just be informed about it.
c. It will lead them to know the history of life.
d. It will give an idea on how medical world will seek for the treatment.

14. The following statements are challenges for the researchers in finding and identifying signs of early cells. Which is not part of the group?
a. Materials and testing laboratories are not available.
b. Cells are microscopic and most have no parts to fossilize
c. Slightly younger rocks have been heated up and undergone other processes
d. Tectonic plate movements have destroyed nearly all rocks older than about 4 billion years

15. The study of history of life is significant in many aspects. The stromatolites played a significant role as a source of evidence. What is stromatolite?
a. It is found in animals.
b. It is produced by endosymbiosis.
c. It formed during volcanic eruptions.
d. It consists of layered bacteria and sediment.

Lesson 1 Evolving Concept of Life
Based on Emerging Pieces of
Evidence

Have you been curious of when and where did life possibly start on Earth? During the 1800s, geologists and the naturalists found several forms of physical evidence that confirmed that Earth is very old. The evidence includes: fossils of ancient sea life on dry land far from oceans, this supported the idea that the Earth changed over time and some dry land today was once covered by oceans; the many layers of rock allowed the people to realize that rock layers represent the order in which rocks and fossils appeared, thus they were able to trace the history of Earth and life on Earth; lastly, the indications that volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and erosion that happened long ago shaped much of the Earth’s surface and supported the idea of an older Earth. This module will help you understand the historical development of the concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence. This will trace back the events, processes, and living organisms existed on earth from the earliest time to present.

What is It

The universe is about 4.6 billion years old. Life on earth, probably began only between 3.5 and 4.0 billion years ago. Evidences from fossil records show the emergence of the different life forms. The common ancestor of all life was prokaryotic. Since, oxygen was scarce on the early Earth, so the ancestral cell must also have been an anaerobic. There are some challenges encountered in searching for the evidence of early life. Cells are microscopic and most have no parts to fossilize. The tectonic plate movements have destroyed nearly all rocks older than about 4 billion years, and most of the younger rocks have been heated or undergone processes that destroy the traces of biological material. At present, the oldest cell microfossils (microscopic fossils) are filaments from 3.5 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The filaments resemble chains of modern photosynthetic bacteria and the rocks in which they occur are the remains of ancient stromatolites.

The researchers look for biomarkers specific to eukaryotes. It is a substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type. Eukaryotes are organisms having true nucleus. The DNA is enclosed within the nucleus whereas DNA of most prokaryotes lies enclosed in the cell’s cytoplasm. The first eukaryotes were protists.

For life to evolve from simple single-celled organisms to many millions of species of prokaryotic species to simple eukaryotic species to all the protists, fungi, plants, and animals, took some time. The first life forms were very basic and this then allowed for the evolution of more complex life forms. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. The evolution of life is brought about the changes in the environment which are linked to changes in climate and geology. These Earth’s environmental changes made the Earth’s environment more suitable for a wider variety of life forms.

12/08/2025

EALS REVIEWER FOR MIDTERM EXAMINATION

EARTH AND EARTH SYSTEMS Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow.
S11/12ES-Ia-e-4 (9 items)

The troposphere extends up to 50 kilometers high.

Which is the correct analogy about the Earth Systems?
Atmosphere: air
geosphere: land
hydrosphere: water

The lithosphere is composed of the continental and oceanic crust.

Photosynthesis is an example of an interaction between the biosphere and the atmosphere

Fresh water is important for life on Earth because without fresh water sources, people will get sick and die; we need water to grow food; the biosphere needs water

Boats transporting goods is an example of connection between HYDROsphere and LITHOsphere

Volcanic eruptions release gas, is an example of a connection between ATMOsphere and LITHOsphere

Rain is an example of connection between ATMOsphere and HYDROsphere

MINERALS AND ROCKS Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.

Color is likely to be most useful physical properties in identifying a mineral

You encounter a clear mineral in a vein within a rock, which your instructor tells you is either quartz, calcite, or gypsum. You can scratch it with your pocketknife, but not your fingernail. Which is it

Friedrich Mohs developed a classification scheme for minerals based on hardness

Why can't color alone very useful in mineral identification?
• Many minerals have the same color.
• One mineral can have many different colors.
• The presence of one element can cause many colors.

Silicates is the most common group of minerals in the earth's crust.

Solubility is the rate of how the mineral dissolves.

Color is the property of mineral that is affected by the perception of the observer?

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.

Radioactive decay play a very important role in earth’s internal heat because:
• Radioactive element can be found anywhere in the planet.
• When radioactive element decays, it produces heat.
• Spontaneous nuclear disintegration of radioactive elements produced thermal energy.

How does the conduction in the surface of the earth affect the temperature of our atmosphere.

Air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface of the land and ocean resulting to the increase of its thermal energy.

How does convection in Earth’s mantle affect the formation of landmass like volcano and mountain?
• Heat tries to escape in the interior of the earth.
• Collision and separation of tectonic plates happens due to the slow motion of convection cells.
• When warm material in the mantle rises up to the surface (ground), it will cool and sink, these cooled materials will eventually be turned into landmass.

Radiogenic heat is produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust.

Primordial heat refers to the heat left over from the formation of the Earth.

The flow of heat in Earth’s interior to its surface is approximately 47 terawatts.

The mantle behaves as a viscous fluid on a geological time scale because of the existence of high temperature.

Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules.

Heat from the Earth's core and radiation from the Sun are the two factors that affect conduction on the Earth’s surface?

The location makes magma different from lava.

Magma that crystallizes forms igneous rocks.

Magma rises toward Earth’s surface because it is less dense than the surroundings rocks.

As a magma crystallizes, it is most likely to evolve in which way by becoming more felsic and more viscous as mafic minerals crystallize out.

Igneous rocks are formed from solidification and crystallization of molten

Molten rocks cool down and solidify when they reach the Earth’s surface?

Igneous rocks are classified based on their origin through large or small crystals.

The lesser the silica has, the lighter the color of igneous rock is.

Magnetic reversal supports the theory of seafloor spreading.

Magnetic patterns found on the ocean floor is puzzling because no rocks were magnetic.

The following are true about the age pattern on the seafloor
• The pattern is symmetrical on each side of the mid-Atlantic ridge
• Seafloor near the mid-Atlantic ridge can be up to 10 million years old
• The oldest seafloor can be found towards the edges of the ocean,

The pattern of seafloor ages and the pattern of seafloor magnetic stripes provide evidences for seafloor spreading.

In seafloor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts or flows out along mid-ocean ridges.

The younger rocks are in the middle at the ridge, the older are far from the ridge.

The correct sequence on seafloor spreading
• II. Magma moves up from the mantle and erupt as pillow lava.
• I. This forms new oceanic crust at the ridges
• III. Then the new oceanic crust forms, it pushes the older crust aside.
• IV. This crust eventually subducts at the deep ocean trenches and melt back into the mantle.

New oceanic crust is formed when molten material cool and form strip of solid rocks in the center of the ridge.

Igneous rock is formed from solidification and crystallization of molten rocks.

Molten rocks cool down and solidify when they reach the Earth’s surface

Igneous rocks are classified based on their origin, from magma or lava

Extrusive igneous rocks cool down quickly. They have small crystals. Basalt and scoria are example of these rocks.

Felsic igneous rocks based on composition has the highest amount of silica content

Extrusive igneous rock forms from lava on Earth's surface?
Obsidian is NOT an intrusive igneous rock?
Large crystals form if the rock cools slowly below the Earth’s surface

A rock sample was recovered from Taal Volcano Island by a local. The resident volcanologist was on site and identified that the rock was formed from the material ejected by the volcano during its eruption. What type of rock did the local recover?
Igneous rock

While walking at the beach, Angela found a rock sample with shells and pebbles embedded. What type of rock did she find?
Sedimentary rock

The following statements are TRUE about metamorphic rocks
It formed from existing rocks.
It is subjected to cold and high pressure.
It is composed of plants and animals’ materials.
It is formed from deposition and cementation of minerals and organic particles.

HISTORY OF THE EARTH explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time S11/12ES-Ie-27 (4 ITEMS)
The rock produced from intrusion is younger than the existing rock.

Based on the picture, limestone is the oldest
After faulting, magma intrusion happened.
The number of parent atom is the same as the daughter atom after first half .

12/08/2025

EARTH AND EARTH SYSTEMS Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow.
S11/12ES-Ia-e-4 (9 items)

The troposphere extends up to 50 kilometers high.
Which is the correct analogy about the Earth Systems?
Atmosphere: air geosphere: land hydrosphere: water
The lithosphere is composed of the continental and oceanic crust.
Photosynthesis is an example of an interaction between the biosphere and the atmosphere
Fresh water is important for life on Earth because without fresh water sources, people will get sick and die; we need water to grow food; the biosphere needs water
Boats transporting goods is an example of connection between HYDROsphere and LITHOsphere
Volcanic eruptions release gas, is an example of a connection between ATMOsphere and LITHOsphere?
Rain is an example of connection between ATMOsphere and HYDROsphere

MINERALS AND ROCKS Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. S11/12ES-Ia-9 (9 items)
Color is likely to be most useful physical properties in identifying a mineral?
You encounter a clear mineral in a vein within a rock, which your instructor tells you is either quartz, calcite, or gypsum. You can scratch it with your pocketknife, but not your fingernail. Which is it?

Friedrich Mohs developed a classification scheme for minerals based on hardness
Why can't color alone very useful in mineral identification?
• Many minerals have the same color.
• One mineral can have many different colors.
• The presence of one element can cause many colors.
Silicates is the most common group of minerals in the earth's crust
Solubility is the rate of how the mineral dissolves?
Color is the property of mineral that is affected by the perception of the observer?

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from. S11/12ES-Ib-14
(9 ITEMS)
Radioactive decay play a very important role in earth’s internal heat because:
• Radioactive element can be found anywhere in the planet.
• When radioactive element decays, it produces heat.
• Spontaneous nuclear disintegration of radioactive elements produced thermal energy.
How does the conduction in the surface of the earth affect the temperature of our atmosphere?
• Air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface of the land and ocean resulting to the increase of its thermal energy.
How does convection in Earth’s mantle affect the formation of landmass like volcano and mountain?
• Heat tries to escape in the interior of the earth.
• B. Collision and separation of tectonic plates happens due to the slow motion of convection cells.
• C. When warm material in the mantle rises up to the surface (ground), it will cool and sink, these cooled materials will eventually be turned into landmass.
Radiogenic heat is produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust
Primordial heat refers to the heat left over from the formation of the Earth
The flow of heat in Earth’s interior to its surface is approximately 47 terawatts
The mantle behaves as a viscous fluid on a geological time scale because of the existence of high temperature.
Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules?
Heat from the Earth's core and radiation from the Sun are the two factors that affect conduction on the Earth’s surface?

MAGMATISM (4 ITEMS) S11/12ES -Ic-15
The location makes magma different from lava?
Magma that crystallizes forms igneous rocks.
Magma rises toward Earth’s surface because it is less dense than the surroundings rocks.
As a magma crystallizes, it is most likely to evolve in which way by becoming more felsic and more viscous as mafic minerals crystallize out.

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES Describe what happens after the magma is formed (plutonism and volcanism) S11/12ES-Ic-16 (4 ITEMS)
Igneous rocks are formed from solidification and crystallization of molten
Molten rocks cool down and solidify when they reach the Earth’s surface?
Igneous rocks are classified based on their origin through large or small crystals.
The lesser the silica has, the lighter the color of igneous rock is.

Explain how the seafloor spreads S11/12ES-Id-23 (9 items)
Magnetic reversal supports the theory of seafloor spreading?
Magnetic patterns found on the ocean floor puzzling because no rocks were magnetic.
The following are true about the age pattern on the seafloor
• The pattern is symmetrical on each side of the mid-Atlantic ridge
• Seafloor near the mid-Atlantic ridge can be up to 10 million years old
• The oldest seafloor can be found towards the edges of the ocean, near the
The pattern of seafloor ages and the pattern of seafloor magnetic stripes provide evidences for seafloor spreading?
In seafloor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts or flows out along mid-ocean ridges.
The younger rocks are in the middle at the ridge, the older are far from the ridge
The correct sequence on seafloor spreading
• II. Magma moves up from the mantle and erupt as pillow lava.
• This forms new oceanic crust at the ridges
• III. Then the new oceanic crust forms, it pushes the older crust aside.
• IV. This crust eventually subducts at the deep ocean trenches and melt back into the mantle.
New oceanic crust is formed when molten material cool and form strip of solid rocks in the center of the ridge.

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks
S11/12ES-Ic-18 (9 items)

Igneous rock is formed from solidification and crystallization of molten rocks.
Molten rocks cool down and solidify when they reach the Earth’s surface
Igneous rocks are classified based on their origin, from magma or lava
Extrusive igneous rocks cool down quickly. They have small crystals. Basalt and scoria are example of these rocks.

Felsic igneous rocks based on composition has the highest amount of silica content?
Extrusive igneous rock forms from lava on Earth's surface?
Obsidian is NOT an intrusive igneous rock?
Large crystals form if the rock cools slowly below the Earth’s surface

EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic S11/12ES-Ib-10
A rock sample was recovered from Taal Volcano Island by a local. The resident volcanologist was on site and identified that the rock was formed from the material ejected by the volcano during its eruption. What type of rock did the local recover?
Igneous rock Ore body rock
Metamorphic rock Sedimentary rock
While walking at the beach, Angela found a rock sample with shells and pebbles embedded. What type of rock did she find?
Igneous rock Ore body rock
Metamorphic rock Sedimentary rock
Which of the following statements is TRUE about metamorphic rocks?
It formed from existing rocks.
It is subjected to cold and high pressure.
It is composed of plants and animals’ materials.
It is formed from deposition and cementation of minerals and organic particles.

HISTORY OF THE EARTH explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time S11/12ES-Ie-27 (4 ITEMS)
The rock produced from intrusion is younger than the existing rock.

Based on the picture, limestone is the oldest
After faulting, magma intrusion happened.
The number of parent atom is the same as the daughter atom after first half life

11/08/2025

Science 10 Q1 Reviewer

# # boundary results to the formation of a mountain range like the Himalayas mountains

The Himalayas formed from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.

# # oceanic ridge is formed simultaneously with divergent plate boundary. Mid-ocean ridges form where plates move apart and magma rises.

# # chain of island is a result of volcanic hot spot.

# # and volcanoes are most likely found at the plate boundary. Earthquakes and volcanoes are concentrated along tectonic plate boundaries.

# disaster kit necessary at home if you live in the Philippines because its geographic location puts it at high risk to natural disasters. Reason: The Philippines is in the Pacific Ring of Fire and typhoon belt.

# # is not a method of heat transfer? It is a phase change, not a method of heat transfer like conduction, convection, or radiation.

# # # Density and temperature are the main causes of convection currents in the asthenosphere. Differences in density Convection currents in the mantle cause Earth’s tectonic plates to move. Heat-driven mantle convection moves tectonic plates.

# # due to temperature variations drive mantle convection.

# # is in the Mantle that the hot molten material in convection cell rises. Hot material rises in the mantle during convection.

# # , slab pull, ridge push are the possible driving forces of plate tectonics. These are the main forces driving plate motion.

# # push and slab pull is a result of gravity in relation to moving tectonic plates. Gravity assists these processes in moving plates.

# # convection current occurs, what happened to the lithospheric plates move in any direction. Reason: Convection currents cause plates to move in various directions, slowly but continuously.

# # push is the driving force in plates at mid-ocean ridges that will result the rigid lithosphere to slide down. Reason: Gravity causes lithosphere at ridges to slide away from the crest.

# # mid-ocean ridges, molten material (magma) rises from the mantle and erupts as fissure volcanoes. The molten material then spreads out, pushing older rock to both sides of the ridges. This process is called Seafloor spreading. This process forms new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges.

# # spreading process influences sea levels and it affects human activities. Seafloor spreading can change ocean basin volume, affecting sea levels.

# # was the name Wegener gave to his proposed single supercontinent

# # Tectonics is the current comprehensive theory of horizontal crustal movement. This theory explains horizontal crustal movement and integrates earlier ideas like continental drift.

# # tectonic theory predicts that of earthquakes and volcanoes should occur primarily along plate boundaries. Tectonic activity is concentrated where plates meet.

# # patterns were found on the ocean floor. These magnetic stripes support seafloor spreading. They showed alternating bands of normal and reversed polarity.

# # , fossils, climate are the evidence scientists use to support the Continental Drift Theory. Reason: Similar fossils and rock types, plus past climate indicators, support continental drift.

# # of the continents what would give us an idea that the continents were once joined. Reason: Matching continental shapes suggest they were once joined.

# # provided strong support for Continental Drift Theory. Magnetic patterns in rocks provided strong evidence for seafloor spreading and drift.

# # crust is younger near the ridge but older far from it. New crust forms at ridges and moves outward over time.

# # # Drilling confirmed older rocks are farther from ridges.

# # crust is destroyed at subduction zones, balancing crust creation so Earth doesn't grow.

# # # The Ring of Fire encircles the Pacific Plate, where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur due to subduction zones and fault lines.

# # plates are those types of plates that comprise the bulk of the continents and the Pacific Ocean has an area greater than 20 million km2. Major plates cover large areas of Earth's surface, including most continents and large ocean basins.

# # crust is thicker and less dense compared to oceanic crust. Continental crust averages 35–70 km thick and is composed of lighter rocks like granite, while oceanic crust is 5–10 km thick and denser.

# # occurrence of earthquake, volcanism and mountain formation are the bases of scientists in dividing Earth’s lithosphere into several plates. These geological events indicate the boundaries and movements of tectonic plates.

# # correct sequence of events that you should follow to locate the epicenter of a recent earthquake
a. Obtain data from three different seismological stations.
b. Determine the difference in the arrival time of P and S waves.
c. Determine the distance of the epicenter from the station.
d. Use the triangulation method to locate the center
First, obtain data from three seismic stations, determine P-S wave arrival differences, calculate distances, and use triangulation to locate the epicenter

# # minimum number of seismic stations necessary to locate an epicenter of an earthquake is three. We will be having difficulty in identifying the earthquake epicenter if we have only two data from seismic recording stations. Two stations provide two possible points of intersection, making it uncertain without a third.

# # ranges are found in places where volcanoes and/or earthquake epicenters are also situated. These features commonly occur along active plate boundaries.

# # of earthquake epicenters are situated at the same location of volcanoes around the world. Most earthquake epicenters and volcanoes coincide along plate boundaries like subduction zones.

# # important to be aware of places prone to earthquakes to perform necessary precautions. Awareness helps people prepare emergency plans and reduce risk.

# # safest thing for you to do if an earthquake begins while you are in a building is to get under the strongest table, chair, or other pieces of furniture. This reduces injury from falling debris.

# # # The types of plate boundaries are divergent, convergent, and transform. The plates move toward each other at a convergent plate boundary. In convergent boundaries, plates collide, often causing subduction or mountain formation.

# # Andreas Fault is an example of a transform fault boundary. This is a famous transform fault boundary in California where plates slide past each other.

# # # Atlantic Ocean widens because seafloor spreading occurs at a divergent plate boundary.

# # move toward each other, away from each other, slide past each other when we feel that the ground is shaking.

# # plate boundary causes subduction. One plate is forced under another during convergence, causing subduction.

# # a result of movement in transform plate boundary, it causes strong earthquakes. You should not stay under a tree to avoid heat coming from the sun during an earthquake. This is unsafe; during an earthquake, staying near trees can be dangerous due to falling branches.

# # crust is produced because magma rises, then cools off and turns into solid when plates diverge or move away from each other. Diverging plates allow magma to rise and form new crust.

# # older crust is melted by subduction at the convergent plate boundary. At convergent boundaries, denser oceanic crust sinks beneath another plate and melts in the mantle.

# # plate boundary also known as constructive plate boundary. This type of boundary produces new crust, making it 'constructive'.

# # valley formation is most likely to happen when the relative motion of the plate moves away from each other. When plates move apart on land, a rift valley forms, like in East Africa.

# # range is a tall landform created when two continental plates converge. Colliding continental plates create mountain ranges like the Himalayas.

# # # In Pacific known to be along converging plates, you should NOT expect to see Rift valleys. These form at divergent boundaries, not convergent ones like most Pacific plate boundaries.

# # is formed when ocean water flips upward, sometimes up to certain meters high, due to the great push caused by convergence of plates. Plate convergence can cause underwater earthquakes that displace water, creating tsunamis.

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