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Pharmers, Mabini Street, Tuguegarao City (2026)

12/12/2022

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Have you ever wondered how you were conceived?
Have you ever wondered the complexity of what’s between your legs?
Let me tell you a little story which explores the wondrous world of S*X.
It all starts with a tiny cell called s***m which is from your Dad and it goes through heavy trials to reach the huge egg from your Mom and after they meet, waiting nine long months, you are finally born, ready to face your own trials and tribulations.
This is one of the various major functions of the reproductive system, S*xual reproduction.
The human reproductive system is an organ system responsible for the production of s***m or eggs which are called gametes and they are produced in the reproductive organs called Go**ds. The go**ds also produces S*x hormones aside from gametes, the main s*x hormones are testosterone in males and estrogen in females, these hormones are produced during the maturation of the reproductive system which we are familiar with as Puberty. The s*x hormones are responsible for the development of secondary s*x characteristics, these are traits that give distinct characteristics to both males and females like facial hair and breasts.

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system’s main structures are external, the two te**es are contained by a sac of skin called the sc***um and it hangs between the thighs. S***m and the hormone testosterone are both produced in the te**es, and resting above the te**es is a coiled structure called the epididymis which matures and stores s***m cells. The process of ej*******on is done at the tubular organ called p***s, this contains the urethra and it stiffens and becomes erect during arousal. During ej*******on s***m is released out of the body through the urethra during or**sm. Aside from these organs the male reproductive system has various ducts which include the vas deferens or the ductus deference which transports s***m from the epididymis to the urethra. The reproductive system also houses glands like the prostate and seminal vesicles which produces fluids that becomes a part of the semen( fluid that carries s***m out of the body, it controls pH and provides the s***m with nutrients).

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The female reproductive system includes various organs in the women’s pelvic and lower belly area. Aside from reproduction and supporting the development and growth of a baby it’s also responsible for women’s monthly menstruation. The female reproductive system has several parts which includes the uterus which is where the fetus grows, the two ovaries located on each side of the uterus and it makes eggs and hormones called estrogen and progesterone - these hormones supports female development, the fallopian tubes in which the eggs are release into by the ovaries during ovulation ( release of eggs from the ovaries), the cervix which is located in the lower portion of the uterus-this expands during childbirth to assist the baby to travel from the uterus to the va**na, and lastly the va**na - this is a tube that connects the uterus to the va**nal opening which is below the urethra and above the a**s.
When the main products of both the male and female reproductive system meets, a child is conceived and would eventually be born after 9 months.

TRIVIAS
• The reproductive system contains the largest and smallest human cells which are the s***m ( 5 micrometers by 3 micrometers) and the o**m( 120 micrometers in diameter)
• Men have vastly more gametes than women - each man produces more than 500 billion s***m cells in his lifetime, a woman on the other hand produces 1 million to 2 million eggs at birth and 300 to 400 will be ovulated before menopause.
• Infertility is more common than you think - in the United States, almost 1 in 6 adult couples are infertile according to a 2013 study in the journal fertility and sterility

12/12/2022

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

What is the Respiratory System?

The Respiratory System is responsible for the process of our respiration. It is made up of a group of organs that allow the intake of oxygen and release of CO2 and are also involved in the spread of oxygen within the body.

What does the Respiratory System Do?

The respiratory system accomplishes the process of gas exchange between the air and the blood, and follows 4 simultaneous processes:

Ventilation, commonly referred to as breathing and is the process in which air moves in and out of our respiratory passages.

Pulmonary Respiration, it is the process in which Oxygen moves out of the alveoli and into the blood while CO2 moves out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli.

Gas Transport, is the process in which both Oxygen and CO2 travel the body through the blood to and from cells.

Systemic Respiration, is the gas exchange in which tissues are involved as O2 exits from the blood into the cells, while CO2 exits the cells and enters the blood.

What are the parts of the Respiratory System?

The Respiratory System is made up of several organs, namely:

-The Nose. The external part of the nose helps inspire the air in which we breathe.

-The Nasal Cavity. It is a warm and humidifying chamber that filters and cleans the inspired air from the nose.

-The Pharynx. More commonly known as the throat, the pharynx is a passageway commonly used for air and food.

-The Larynx. More commonly known as the voice box, the larynx is a structure that helps keep the air way open constantly.

-The Trachea. Otherwise known as the windpipe, the trachea is a tube that cleans the inspired air and funnels them to the lungs.

-The Bronchi, these are tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs.
The Lungs. A pair of organs that are composed of alveoli, or air sacs, and capillaries. It is the main site for gas exchange between the air and blood.

Examples of disorders in the Respiratory System are: Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, etc, all of which are characterized by problems on the different sites and functions of the respiratory system.

12/12/2022

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

What is the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?

It is a part of our immune system that helps balance fluid, defend our body from infections, and help with lipid absorption. It is made up of lymphatic vessels, tissues, lymph nodes, the tonsil, the spleen, and the thymus.

What does the Lymphatic System do?

*It maintains fluid balance through the draining of fluid called lymph from the body using lymphatic capillaries.

*It defends the body from foreign substances and microorganisms through filtering them by the lymph nodes and spleen, along with lymphocytes.

*It helps in the lipid absorption through the use of lymphatic vessels located in the digestive tract named "lacteals".

Parts of the Lymphatic System?
1)Lymphatic Vessels
Originate as tubes called lymphatic capillaries. Body fluids move to the tissues through the blood capillaries, while excess fluid passed through tissues and enters lymphatic capillaries that would drain lymphs in certain areas of the body.

2)Lymphatic Tissue
They consist primarily of lymphocytes, along with macrophages, dendritic cells, and other types of cells. Lymphocytes originate from the red bone marrow and serve as our immune response to microorganisms and pathogens.
3)Lymph Nodes
These are small bean-shaped structures distributed along the course of lymphatic vessels. They filter the lymph and is the site in which lymphocytes congregate.

4)Tonsils
These are large nodules that diffuse lymphatic tissue located deep within the mucous membranes. They help protect against bacteria and harmful microorganisms entering through the pharynx

5)Spleen
It is an organ located on the left, superior part of the abdominal cavity. It is surrounded by bundles of connective tissue fibers. It has a White Pulp which are lymphatic tissues surrounding the arteries in the spleen and a Red Pulp which consists of macrophages and red blood cells and is associated with the veins witjin the spleen.

6)Thymus
It is a bilobed gland located in the superior mediastinum. It is the site of maturation of T-cells and secretes Thymosin which is a hormone essential for the T-cell maturation process

A malfunctioning Lymphatic system may lead to increase of excess fluids in the body and improper immune response to certain pathogens and microorganisms.

11/12/2022

What is the URINARY SYSTEM?
The urinary system works as a filter, removing toxins and wastes from your body through urine. It uses a series of tubes and ducts to pass this waste. These tubes are connected to your blood vessels and digestive system. Your urinary system helps the rest of your body work properly.

What does the urinary system do?
-Filtering blood.
-Separating the toxins you don’t need from the nutrients you do need.
-Storing and carrying urine out of your body.

How does the urinary system clean my blood?
-Your blood enters each kidney through lots of little arteries.
-Your kidneys filter your blood, separating toxins from nutrients.
-Vitamins, minerals, nutrients and proteins return to your bloodstream.
-Waste products and urine move through your ureters to your bladder. Your bladder stores urine until you use the toilet.
-Urine leaves your body through your urethra.

What are the PARTS of the urinary system
The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra make up the urinary system. They all work together to filter, store and remove liquid waste from your body.

How can I keep my urinary system healthy?
-Drink plenty of water
-Eat a healthy diet
-Wipe the right way
-Empty your bladder after s*x
-Practice safe s*x
-Do pelvic floor exercises

11/12/2022

What is the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
Your digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and your liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs that are connected to each other from your mouth to your a**s. The organs that make up your GI tract, in the order that they are connected, include your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and a**s.

What does the digestive system do?
Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to do its job of turning your food into the nutrients and energy you need to survive. And when it’s done with that, it handily packages your solid waste, or stool, for disposal when you have a bowel movement.

Why is digestion important?
Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients from the food you eat and the liquids you drink in order to stay healthy and function properly. Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Your digestive system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from the food and liquids you consume to use for important things like energy, growth and repairing cells.

What organs make up the digestive system?
-Mouth
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract.
-Esophagus
Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow.
-Stomach
The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes. When the contents of the stomach are processed enough, they’re released into the small intestine.
-Small intestine
Is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver.
-Pancreas
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates.
-Liver
but its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.
-Gallbladder
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.
-Colon
The colon is responsible for processing waste so that emptying your bowels is easy and convenient.
-Re**um
The rectum's job is to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated (pooped out) and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
-A**s
The a**s is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool.

What are some common conditions that affect the digestive system?
Constipation
Diarrhea
Heartburn
Hemorrhoids
Stomach flu
Ulcers
Gallstones
How can I keep my digestive system healthy?
Drink water often
Include fiber in your diet
Eat a balanced diet
Eat foods with probiotics
Eat mindfully and chew your food
Exercise
Avoid alcohol and smoking
Manage your stress

11/12/2022

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, s*xual function, reproduction, sleep and mood, among other things. It is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testicles. Although the hormones circulate throughout the body, each type of hormone is targeted toward certain organs and tissues.

The endocrine system gets some help from organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and go**ds which have secondary endocrine functions.

Hormone levels that are too high or too low indicate a problem with the endocrine system.
Hormone disease also occur if your body does not respond to hormones in the appropriate ways.

DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The most common endocrine diseases are:

•DIABETES a condition in which the body does not properly produce or respond to the hormone insulin.
Diabetes is linked to obesity, diet and family history of the disease and is treated with pills or insulin injections.

Another condition is
•HYPOGLYCEMIA also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, which occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. This typically happens as a result of treatment for diabetes when to much insulin is taken
Managing other endocrine disorders typically involves stabilizing hormone levels with medication or, if a tumor is causing and overproduction of hormone by removing the tumor.

11/12/2022

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system is a vital organ system that supplies all cells with the substances necessary for basic functions to occur. It is a network composed of the heart as a centralized pump, the blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body, and the blood itself, which carries various substances. The main function of the circulatory system is to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues while removing carbon dioxide produced by metabolism. Oxygen is bound to a molecule called hemoglobin that are on the surface of the red blood cells in the blood. Starting at the heart, deoxygenated blood (containing carbon dioxide) is returned from the systemic circulation to the right side of the heart. It is pumped into the pulmonary circulation and enters the lungs where gas exchange takes place. Carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and replaced by oxygen. Blood is now oxygenated, and returns to the left side of the heart. From there it is pumped into the systemic circulation, oxygenating the tissues, and returns to the right side of the heart. Blood also serves as an excellent transport medium for nutrients such as electrolytes and hormones. Blood also carries waste products that are filtered from the blood by the liver.

BLOOD FLOW Through the Heart and Lungs: Step by Step
1. Blood enters the right atrium first.
2. Blood then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
3. As the heart beats, the ventricles push blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries.
4. The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs, where it "picks up" oxygen.
5. It then leaves the lungs and return to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
6. Blood enters the left atrium.
7. It drops through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
8. The left ventricle then pumps blood into the aorta through the aortic valve. The aorta is an artery that supplies blood tothe rest of the body through a system of blood vessels.
9. Blood returns from the body to the heart through two majortwo blood vessels, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. This blood carries little oxygen because it comes back from the body where it has been used.
10. The vena cava pumps blood into the right atrium and the cycle begins all over again.

10/12/2022

NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system is made up of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). These systems work together to collect and interpret data from the body’s internal and external environment and control responses.

Central Nervous System (CNS)
The CNS manages the body’s essential functions. Made up of the brain and spinal cord, the CNS receives sensory information and coordinates an appropriate response.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Nerves branch out from the brain and spinal cord, extending to the organs, muscles and other parts of the body.

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations. the “fight or flight” response.
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- controls body processes during ordinary situations. the “rest and digest” response

FACTS ABOUT NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. There are more nerve cells in the human brain than there are stars in the Milky Way.
2. If we lined up all the neurons in our body, it would be around 965 km long.
3. There are 100 billion neurons in your brain alone.
4. A newborn baby's brain almost triples in size during the course of its first year.
5. The left side of human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body.
6. A newborn baby loses about half of their nerve cells before they are born.
7. There are about 13 500 000 neurons in the human spinal cord.
8. The nervous system can transmit nerve impulses as fast as 100 meters per second, and in some cases, the speed of transmission is around 180 miles per hour.
9. A man's brain has 6.5 times more gray matter compared to women, but a woman's brain has 10 times more white matter compared to men.
10 Your nervous system cannot function properly in the absence of potassium and sodium ions. Vitamin B is equally essential for your nervous system.

10/12/2022

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscles are found throughout the body. The three types of muscle tissue are smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. Muscles allow the body to do everything from walking, to pumping blood, to churning food in the stomach.

FACTS ABOUT MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. Over 600 skeletal muscles account for about half of our body weight
2. Skeletal muscles attach to bones
3. Muscles pull on bones to move the body
4. Muscles make up the walls of many organs
5. Somatic motor signals move skeletal muscles
6. Muscles make up approximately 40 percent of total weight.
7. The heart is the hardest-working muscle in the body. It pumps 5 quarts of blood per minute and 2,000 gallons daily.
8. The gluteus maximus is the body’s largest muscle. It is in the buttocks and helps humans maintain an upright posture.
9. The ear contains the smallest muscles in the body alongside the smallest bones. These muscles hold the inner ear together and are connected to the eardrum.
10. A muscle called the masseter in the jaw is the strongest muscle by weight. It allows the teeth to close with a force of up to 55 pounds on the incisors or 200 pounds on the molars.

10/12/2022

SKELETAL SYSTEM

The structural peculiarities of the human skeleton give human being their characteristic appearance and facial geometry. It is the body’s framework that works as a support structure of the body as it houses and protects vital organs, gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, and it provides attachments and anchorage to muscles and ligaments and joint capsules. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system.

DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON

Infants are born with about 300 separate bones. As a child grows, some of the bones fuse together until growth stops typically by the age of 25, leaving the skeleton with 206 bones. Our bones are separated into two categories based on the purpose and location of the bones: The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones, including the skull, spine and rib cage. It forms the central structure of the skeleton, with the function of protecting the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs. The remaining 126 bones make up the appendicular skeleton which include the arms, legs, shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle. The lower portion of the appendicular skeleton protects the major organs associated with digestion and reproduction and provides stability when a person is walking or running. The upper portion allows for a greater range of motion when lifting and carrying objects.

DISEASES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

As with any part of the human body, bones are susceptible to injury and disease. Some of the most common diseases that can affect the skeletal system include:

Osteoporosis- a disease that causes the density and strength of bones to decrease because bone loss occurs faster than bone growrth.

Leukemia- a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. Several types of leukemia affect various blood cells and other systems of the body.

Osteoarthritis- a disease that causes the breakdown of the cartilage that protects the ends of bones in joints.

10/12/2022

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Integumentary system consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails. Integument means covering, and the integumentary system is one of the more familiar systems of the body to everyone because it covers the outside of the body and is easily observed. Other functions include sensation, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and excretion of small amounts of waste products. The skin is made up of two major tissue layers: the dermis and epidermis. Dermis is the dense connective tissue and the epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin. Accessory skin structures (hair, glands ,and nails. ) Hair are columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells. Each hair consists of a shaft, a root, and a hair bulb. Glands produce sebum, which oils the hair and the surface of the skin. Nail consists of the nail body and the nail root.

THE PHYSIOLOGY of the Integumentary System
Protection- skin reduces water loss, prevents the entry of microorganisms, and provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet light.
Sensation - skin contains sensory receptors for pain, heat , cold , and pressure. Vitamin d production- it increases calcium uptake in the small intestine. Temperature regulation- controls heat loss from the body and evaporate of sweat cools the body.
Excretion - skin glands remove small amounts of waste products but are not important in excretion.

Pharmers

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