The USMLE Academy

25/02/2025

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14/07/2024

Kidney stones signs

13/07/2024

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a type of kidney injury that occurs when the tubular cells in the kidneys become damaged. This can happen due to various reasons such as:

- Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
- Exposure to certain medications or toxins
- Infections
- Blockage of the urinary tract

Symptoms of ATN may include:

- Decreased urine output
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Abdominal pain

ATN can be diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, fluid management, and medications to support kidney function.

13/07/2024

13/07/2024

Multi cystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)
Congenital disorder that affects usually one kidney characterised by multiple cysts in kiddie…

07/07/2024

Horseshoe kidney is a birth defect that occurs when the two kidneys join together to form a horseshoe or U shape .

Causes:
- The exact cause of a horseshoe kidney is unknown, but it is believed to be related to a problem with how genes tell the kidneys to form during fetal development.
- It is also associated with both genitourinary and non-genitourinary malformations, and is also seen as part of a number of syndromes.

Complications:
- Hydronephrosis, secondary to pelviureteric junction obstruction
- Renal calculi, or kidney stones
- Increased susceptibility to trauma
- Infection and pyeloureteritis cystica
- Increased incidence of malignancy
- Wilms tumor
- Renal carcinoid
- Renovascular hypertension