02/05/2026
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted, leading to brain cell damage due to lack of oxygen.
Types of Stroke
1. Ischemic stroke (≈85%)
Caused by blockage (clot) in a blood vessel supplying the brain
Example: thrombosis, embolism
2. Hemorrhagic stroke
Caused by rupture of a blood vessel → bleeding in/around the brain
3. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Temporary blockage (“mini-stroke”) with no permanent damage but high risk of future stroke
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Common Signs & Symptoms (FAST)
Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speech difficulty
Time to seek help
Other signs: sudden confusion, vision loss, dizziness, severe headache.
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Role of Physiotherapy in Stroke Rehabilitation
Physiotherapy is essential in helping stroke patients regain independence and function.
1. Early Stage (Acute Phase)
Prevent complications (bed sores, contractures, chest infections)
Proper positioning in bed
Passive range of motion (ROM) exercises
Breathing exercises
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2. Recovery Stage (Subacute Phase)
Motor relearning
Restore movement patterns (sitting, standing, walking)
Strength training
Improve weak muscles (hemiplegia/hemiparesis)
Balance & coordination training
Gait training
Use of assistive devices (walker, cane)
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3. Functional Rehabilitation
Improve ability to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
(e.g., dressing, eating, bathing)
Task-oriented training
Constraint-induced movement therapy (for affected limb)
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4. Spasticity Management
Stretching exercises
Positioning and splinting
Techniques to reduce muscle stiffness
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5. Neurological Techniques
Bobath (Neurodevelopmental Treatment)
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
Brunnstrom approach
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6. Long-Term Goals
Maximize independence
Improve quality of life
Prevent recurrence through physical activity
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Key Benefits of Physiotherapy
Restores mobility and strength
Improves balance and coordination
Reduces disability
Enhances confidence and independent
