Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

30/11/2025

VISIT YT LINK IN BIO🔗🔴

Nyd de videoer og den musik, du holder af, upload originalt indhold, og del det hele med venner, familie og verden på YouTube.

29/11/2025

Reactive lymphocytes (7-16),
Plasma cell (17),
Activated monocytes with vacuolation (18-25).

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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

28/11/2025

Blood Group Determination Using Anti-A and Anti-B Sera with Rh (Anti-D) Status🅰️🅱️🅾️:

- Blood group A: Agglutination in anti-A.
- Blood group B: Agglutination in anti-B.
- Blood group O: No agglutination in both anti-A and anti-B.
- Blood group AB: Agglutination in both anti-A and anti-B.

- Rh (Anti-D) Status:
- If Rh positive:
- A group will be A+
- B group will be B+
- O group will be O+
- AB group will be AB+

- If Rh negative:
- A group will be A-
- B group will be B-
- O group will be O-
- AB group will be AB-

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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

28/11/2025

Abnormal WBC Morphology🫟:
- Cytoplasmic Inclusions.
- Nuclear Abnormalities.
- Others" (which includes Reactive Lymphocytes and Dysplasia).

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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

28/11/2025

Lymphocytosis (Morphologic Features and Differential Diagnosis)🫟
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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

28/11/2025

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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

27/11/2025

Comparison of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)🟣🫟:
CML is a myeloproliferative disorder primarily affecting adults, often linked to the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL fusion gene), which is a hallmark of the disease. In contrast, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in older adults and is characterized by the accumulation of mature but functionally incompetent *lymphocytes*, usually of B-cell origin. Both conditions can present with *fatigue, weight loss, and splenomegaly*, though their underlying pathology and diagnostic features differ.

In CML, the CBC typically shows marked leukocytosis, with a left shift in granulopoiesis (increased immature myeloid cells like myelocytes and metamyelocytes) and basophilia, often without significant anemia or thrombocytopenia in the chronic phase. By contrast, CLL shows absolute lymphocytosis with small, mature-appearing lymphocytes and the presence of smudge cells (damaged lymphocytes) on a peripheral blood smear. Bone marrow biopsy in CML reveals hypercellularity with predominance of myeloid precursors, while in CLL, it shows infiltration by small lymphocytes.

Suggested Further Tests:
-CML:
- Cytogenetic analysis to detect the Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22)).
- Quantitative PCR for BCR-ABL transcripts to monitor response to therapy.
- Bone marrow biopsy for disease staging, particularly in the accelerated or blast phase.

CLL:
- Flow cytometry to identify B-cell markers (e.g., CD5, CD19, CD23).
- Immunoglobulin levels to assess for hypogammaglobulinemia.
- Lymph node biopsy if Richter's transformation is suspected.
- FISH testing for genetic abnormalities (e.g., del(17p), del(13q)) to assess prognosis.

BCR-ABL in Leukemia (Short Version):
1. CML: Present in nearly 100% of cases, it’s the hallmark of the disease.
2. ALL: Found in *Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL (Ph+ ALL), especially in 25% of adult cases* and 3-5% of pediatric cases.
3. AML: Rare; usually seen in blast phase CML or exceptionally rare de novo cases.

27/11/2025

Comparison of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)🟣🫟
(CML & CLL in Next Post)🫟

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is most common in adults, especially the elderly, and is often linked to exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, or chemicals like benzene. In contrast, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) primarily affects children but can also occur in adults. Both conditions present with similar CBC findings, including anemia (causing fatigue, pallor, and weakness), neutropenia (increased infection risk), and thrombocytopenia (leading to bleeding or bruising). On a peripheral blood smear, AML shows myeloblasts with Auer rods (needle-like inclusions, as seen in image "a"), whereas ALL shows lymphoblasts, which are smaller, have round nuclei, and lack Auer rods (image "b"). Bone marrow biopsy in both conditions reveals hypercellularity with >20% blast cells, though AML involves myeloid blasts and ALL involves lymphoid blasts.

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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

Suggested Further Tests for AML and ALL (Short Version)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML):
1. Bone Marrow Biopsy: Confirms >20% myeloid blasts and presence of Auer rods.
2. Flow Cytometry: Identifies myeloid markers (e.g., CD13, CD33).
3. Cytogenetic Analysis: Detects abnormalities (e.g., t(8;21), inv(16)).
4. Molecular Studies: Looks for mutations like FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA.
5. Coagulation Studies: Evaluates for DIC (PT, PTT, D-dimer).

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL):
1. Bone Marrow Biopsy*l: Confirms >20% lymphoid blasts.
2. Flow Cytometry: Identifies B-cell (CD19, CD20) or T-cell (CD3, CD7) markers.
3. Cytogenetic Analysis: Detects abnormalities (e.g., t(9;22), t(12;21)).
4. Molecular Studies: Identifies fusion genes (e.g., BCR-ABL).
5. Lumbar Puncture: Evaluates CNS involvement.

25/11/2025

Blast cells with prominent nucleoli and Reactive lymphocytes seen in peripheral smear, morphology suggests a lymphoproliferative disorder, this is highly suggestive of acute leukemia. However, confirmation requires further diagnostic testing:
1) Bone marrow biopsy: To confirm leukemia type/subtype.
2) Flow cytometry: To differentiate between AML and ALL.
3) Cytogenetic analysis: For genetic abnormalities impacting prognosis and treatment.

Watch Full Case On YouTube Link:
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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist
PC: Farhan Khattak

25/11/2025

Hematology World💜🟣🫟: This is why Medical Laboratory Scientists exist. What a powerful reminder of the crucial role these professionals play in healthcare! In the context of the image, when instruments flag samples - like when they can't classify cells properly (like potentially mistaking cells for 80% monocytes when there might be abnormalities like blast cells 🔍) - Medical Lab Scientists step in. They do manual cell counts and morphology reviews to ensure accurate diagnoses. Trusting your eyes before the instrument is key in hematology labs, especially when dealing with tricky cases like blast cells in blood smears.

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Mtcls Bilal Masood 🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist
PC: brenda debora 📷

24/11/2025

Peripheral smear reveals:
- Severe anemia (Hb: 4.0 g/dL, HCT: 13.3%)
- Macrocytosis (MCV: 139 fL)
- Polychromasia
- Few target cells
- Dacrocytes (tear-drop cells)
- Ovalocytes
- Basophilic stippling
- Reticulocytosis (Retic: 37.4%)

The findings suggest a possible megaloblastic anemia, Possibly due to vitamin B12/folate deficiency or bone marrow stress.

The high reticulocyte count (37.4%) suggests active bone marrow response, making megaloblastic anemia or bone marrow disorders.

Macrocytosis (MCV 139 fl), ovalocytes, basophilic stippling, and dacrocytes support megaloblastic anemia, while marrow stress or disorders like MDS are also possible.

Suggest B12, folate, LDH, LFT, CDI and bilirubin levels, and a bone marrow biopsy may be needed if the cause remains unclear.

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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist

23/11/2025

1) AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia):
Myeloblasts: Large cells with abundant cytoplasm, often containing *fine azurophilic granules.Presence of Auer rods (needle-like inclusions) in some blasts. Blast percentage ≥20% blasts in bone marrow or peripheral blood (WHO criteria).

2) ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)*
Lymphoblasts: Small to medium-sized with scant cytoplasm, typically no granules.
Blast percentage: ≥20% blasts in bone marrow or peripheral blood.

3) CML (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia)
Granulocytic proliferation at all stages (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, etc.). Increased eosinophils and basophils. Blast Cells typically not increased.

4) CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
Small, mature lymphocytes. Presence of smudge cells.

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MTCLS Bilal Masood 🧑🏻‍🔬🥼
Bilal Masood Clinical Lab Scientist