DR HADIA HINA

06/02/2026

🫀 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

📌 Definition
Infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, most commonly involving the valves.

📍 Common Valve Involvement
• Mitral – most common
• Aortic
• Tricuspid – classically in IV drug users (IVDU)

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⚠️ Risk Factors
• Prosthetic valves & valvular heart disease
• Cardiac devices, congenital heart disease
• IV drug use
• Poor dentition / dental procedures

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🦠 Causative Organisms & Clues

• Staphylococcus aureus → Acute IE, IVDU, prosthetic valves
• Streptococcus viridans → Dental procedures, subacute
• Enterococcus → Genitourinary source
• Streptococcus bovis → Associated with colon cancer
• Coagulase-negative Staph → Prosthetic valves/devices
• HACEK group → Ceftriaxone treatment
• Fungi (Candida) → IVDU, immunocompromised
• Brucella / Coxiella → Animal exposure
• Pseudomonas → IVDU

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🩺 Clinical Features

Constitutional
• Fever, weight loss, night sweats

Cardiac / Vascular
• New murmur
• Petechiae
• Splinter hemorrhages

Highly specific (but rare):
• Roth spots
• Osler nodes
• Janeway lesions

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06/02/2026

20/01/2026

10/01/2026

Understanding Ovarian Reserve: The Progressive Decline from Age 30 to Menopause 🗓️👩‍⚕️

Did you know that women's ovarian reserve—the pool of egg follicles available for reproduction—naturally declines with age? Starting with about 25,000 follicles at age 30, this decline accelerates significantly after age 35 and even more so after age 40, leading to a near-exhaustion of follicles by menopause around age 50.

Key insights to consider:
🔹 The decline is non-linear; the rate increases as you age.
🔹 Age 35 is a crucial turning point where the decline becomes more noticeable.
🔹 Age 40 marks a critical period with accelerated follicular loss.

Understanding this timeline is essential for informed

02/01/2026