Generic bsn student

22/11/2025

Diabetes

22/11/2025

⭐ CPAP vs BiPAP

👉CPAP – C = Constant Pressure

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

✔ Key Points
• One single pressure (same for inhale & exhale)
• Keeps airway open by providing constant airflow
• Best for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
• Less helpful for patients with variable or weak breathing effort
• Cheaper, simpler, first-line for most sleep apnea cases

💡 Quick Clue

CPAP = Simple OSA + Constant Pressure

👉BiPAP – Bi = Two Pressures

BiLevel Positive Airway Pressure

✔ Key Points
• Two pressures:
• IPAP (higher pressure when inhaling)
• EPAP (lower pressure when exhaling → easier to breathe out)
• Helps when patients need extra ventilatory support
• Used in complex or severe respiratory disorders:
• Central sleep apnea (CSA)
• COPD
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Neuromuscular weakness (ALS, Parkinson’s, muscular dystrophy)
• Useful when CPAP fails or patient cannot tolerate constant pressure

💡 Quick Clue

BiPAP = Two pressures → easier exhalation → for complex cases

21/11/2025

Beta blockers pharmacology

20/11/2025

Simple nursing

17/11/2025

Haemorrhoids

1. Definition

Haemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the a**l ca**l.
They can be:
• Internal haemorrhoids – above dentate line
• External haemorrhoids – below dentate line
• Thrombosed external haemorrhoids – painful clot inside an external haemorrhoid

2. Symptoms (Easy to Remember)

Internal
• Painless bright-red bleeding
• Mucus discharge
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• Prolapse (may reduce spontaneously or need manual reduction)

External
• Painful swelling at a**l verge
• Itching/irritation
• If thrombosed: sudden severe pain + bluish lump

3. Diagnosis

Mainly clinical (inspection + digital re**al exam + anoscopy).

Tests to rule out other causes of bleeding:
• CBC (if heavy bleeding)
• Colonoscopy for red flags (age >40, weight loss, anemia, family history of colore**al cancer)

4. Differential Diagnosis

Always think of other causes of re**al bleeding:
• A**l fissure (painful bleeding)
• Re**al prolapse
• Colore**al cancer
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Diverticular bleeding
• Polyps
• Peria**l abscess

5. Treatment (Step-Wise & Easy)

A. Conservative (First-line)
• High-fiber diet + fiber supplements
• Plenty of water
• Avoid straining
• Sitz baths (warm water sitting)
• Topical treatments (hydrocortisone, lidocaine)
• Stool softeners

B. Office Procedures (If persistent symptoms)
• Rubber band ligation (best for internal)
• Sclerotherapy
• Infrared coagulation

C. Surgical (Severe/Grade IV or thrombosed external)
• Haemorrhoidectomy
• Stapled haemorrhoidopexy (for prolapsing internal haemorrhoids)
• For thrombosed external haemorrhoids: excision within 72 hours relieves pain quickly.

6. Follow-Up
• Reassess in 4–6 weeks after lifestyle and medical therapy
• After procedures, follow-up to check healing and recurrence
• Educate on long-term fiber intake to prevent recurrence
• Evaluate for other causes of bleeding if
symptoms persist


knowledge

16/11/2025

Drugs For Bronchial Asthma

16/11/2025

Glossitis

15/11/2025

14/11/2025

Diabetic Neuropathic

14/11/2025

Emphysema

13/11/2025

Halitosis

13/11/2025

(PID) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease