26/04/2023
๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ ๐ฒ๐น๐น๐ถ๐๐๐ & ๐ถ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฝ๐ฒ๐๐
๐ฟ๐๐๐๐๐ฉ๐๐จ ๐๐๐ก๐ก๐๐ฉ๐ช๐จ :
โพDiabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency of circulating insulin, resulting in an inability to transfer glucose from the bloodstream into tissues where it is needed.
โพGlucose builds up in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia and overwhelming the kidney's ability to reabsorb sugar.
โพExcessive urine is produced as the kidney loses the excess sugar, leading to polyuria.
โพThe body responds by sending a signal to the brain to dilute the blood, causing thirst (polydipsia).
โพClassic symptoms of diabetes include polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, and fatigue.
๐๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐๐ฅ๐ญ๐ก ๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ข๐ณ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐๐๐) ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐ ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ญ๐๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฉ๐๐ฌ:
๐ง๐๐ฝ๐ฒ 1 ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐บ๐ฒ๐น๐น๐ถ๐๐๐ (๐ง1๐๐ ) - caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency.
๐ง๐๐ฝ๐ฒ 2 ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐บ๐ฒ๐น๐น๐ถ๐๐๐ (๐ง2๐๐ )- characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
๐๐ฒ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐บ๐ฒ๐น๐น๐ถ๐๐๐ (๐๐๐ ) - a transient form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.
๐ข๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ ๐๐๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ - including genetic defects in beta-cell function, genetic defects in insulin action, diseases of the exocrine pancreas, endocrinopathies, drug- or chemical-induced diabetes, infections, and uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes.
๐ง๐ต๐ฒ ๐ช๐๐ข ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ ๐๐ต๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ ๐น๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐๐ฒ๐๐๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ด๐ป๐ผ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐:
1๏ธโฃ Fasting Plasma Glucose test (โฅ126 mg/dL)
2๏ธโฃ 2-hour Plasma Glucose test (โฅ200 mg/dL), 3๏ธโฃ HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) test (โฅ6.5%).
๐ง๐๐ฝ๐ฒ 1 ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐:
โพCharacterized by a ๐๐ค๐ข๐ฅ๐ก๐๐ฉ๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ of endogenous insulin due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic ฮฒ cells.
โพAccounts for approximately 10% of all diabetes and most patients present with it before the age of 40.
โพDisease onset is usually acute and triggered by certain infectious or environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals.
โพHas a strong association with components of the major histocompatability complex (MHC), notably the human leukocyte antigens (HLA), and 95% of type 1 diabetic patients express either HLA DR3 or HLA DR4 antigens.
โพPancreases from patients with type 1 diabetes show lymphocytic infiltration and almost complete destruction of ฮฒ cells.
โพAlmost 85% of type 1 diabetes patients have circulating islet cell antibodies, most of which are directed against ฮฒ cell glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD).
โพ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐๐ก๐ข๐๐ฏ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ฃ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง
๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ 2 ๐๐๐๐๐๐ฉ๐๐จ:
โพTerm used for diabetes in older people whose glucose homeostasis is abnormal but who do not have the dramatic presentation of the disease seen in type 1 diabetes.
โพAn advanced stage of a disease process starting in early adult life (and, more frequently, in childhood) which becomes manifest in middle age.
โพHas a genetic predisposition, and if both parents are affected, the lifetime risk of an individual for type 2 diabetes is increased to about 60%.
โพThe environmental components associated with type 2 diabetes are chronic overnutrition and lack of exercise.
โพWeight gain and related metabolic changes lead to the development of insulin resistance and eventually diabetes.
โพThe incidence of type 2 diabetes is becoming more common in younger people due to modern diets containing less carbohydrate and more fat, particularly saturated fatty acids.
โพChronic overnutrition and lack of exercise are environmental components associated with type 2 diabetes.
โพ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐๐ก๐ข๐๐ฏ๐๐ ๐๐ฒ ๐๐ข๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ข๐๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐๐ฑ๐๐ซ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐, ๐๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ข๐ ๐ง๐๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ฒ.
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