Health & Medicine-AW

07/12/2025

07/12/2025

&_Cranial Sutures:

Fontanelles (Soft spots in the newborn skull)

:

* Diamond-shaped, located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures

* Normally closes by 12–18 months

* Bulging → raised intracranial pressure

* Sunken → dehydration

:

* Triangular, located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures

* Closes by 6–8 weeks of age

(Sphenoidal) fontanelle:

* Located between frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

* Usually closes by 3–6 months

(Mastoid) fontanelle:

* Located between parietal, temporal, and occipital bones

* Closes by 6–18 months

Third (Metopic) fontanelle

* Sometimes present along the metopic suture

* Usually closes early in infancy

(Fibrous joints between skull bones)

:

* Between the two frontal bones

* Normally closes by 1–2 years

:

* Between frontal and parietal bones

:

* Between the two parietal

03/12/2025

11/11/2025

The pituitary gland has two well defined regions,
the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), and
the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).

The anterior pituitary gland(adenohypophysis)contains several cell types, each secreting a specific hormone:

a- :
Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ), which stimulates the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.

b- :
Secrete growth hormone( ), which promotes the growth of most cells in the body and promote growth of body.

c- :
Secrete , which initiates milk synthesis in the mammary glands and has many other roles related to reproduction and parental behavior.

d- :
Secrete two hormones, luteinizing hormone ( ) and follicle stimulating hormone ( ).
1- In the female, LH stimulates ovulation and the formation of corpora lutea in the o***y.

2- In the male, LH stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete androgens such as testosterone.

👉FSH promotes the development of gametes and the secretion of gonadal hormones in males and females.

e- :
Secrete thyroid stimulating hormone ( ), which stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroxine( ) and triiodothyronine( ) from the thyroid gland.

2-The posterior pituitary glands(neurohypophysis)secretes two importante hormones which are:
a- .
b- .

a- (vasopressin):
Causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced.
High level of ADH causes the body to produce less urine.
Low level of ADH results in greater urine production.

b- :
Stimulate uterine contractions in labor and childbirth and to stimulate contractions of breast tissue to aid in lactation after childbirth.

09/11/2025

Migraine is characterized by paroxysmal, unilateral headache associated with nausea, vomiting, visual disturbance.

:
Attacks occur at intervals, persists for hours to days.
👉Prodromal symptoms—
1-malaise.
2-irritability.
3-tingling.
4-Anorexia,
5-photophobia.

These are followed by unilateral/bilateral, throbbing headache.
Associated with nausea, vomiting, visual disturbance.
Patient prefers to stay in the quiet, dark room.
👉More common in females, after puberty .

Precipitating Factors :
Patients often give a family history of migraine. Attacks may be triggered by -
1-Stress.
2-food (chocolate, cheese).
3-Alcohol.
4-menstruation.
5- OCPs.
6-Caffeine.
7-Lack of sleep.