27/03/2020
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In human beings and many other animals, blood is a red fluid which circulates through blood vessels ( arteries, veins, capillaries ) and heart . Blood is a type of connective tissue and is composed of two parts i.e. plasma and cells or cell-like bodies.
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If blood is taken in a test and allowed to stand for a few minutes, a yellow coloured liquid is separated from the cells and cell- like bodies. Cellular components settle down and pale yellow liquid remains at the top. This yellow coloured material is called plasma.It constitutes about 55% by volume of blood. It contains about 90% water and 10 % dissolved substances.Out of these substances,about 7% are different types of proteins generally called plasma proteins.0.9-1% of plasma is made of different inorganic salts, while 2% consists of food material, hormones ,waste products, etc. :
🌹 Plasma keeps all the tissues moist.
🌹Plasma of the blood transports nutrients , water, salts, hormones and waste materials.
🌹Plasma helps in regulating body temperature.
🌹Small amounts of oxygen are also carried by plasma. Most of the CO2 is carried by plasma.
🌹Plasma proteins e.g albumins maintain the osmotic pressure of food.
🌹Important plasma proteins called Antibodies defend the body against pathogens.
🌹Another plasma protein fibrinogen is responsible for blood clotting.
Blood contains cells i.e. red blood cells and white blood cells and also contains cell-like bodies i.e. blood platelets. Both make about 45% of blood by volume.
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
RBCs are the most numerous of all the blood cells. It gives the red colour to the blood due to the presence of red pigment, haemoglobin. A cubic millimetre of blood contains about 5 million RBCs. In human , a mature RBC is biconcave , rounded cell and contains no nucleus. Before and immediately after birth, RBCs are formed in liver and spleen. In adults, they are formed in the red bone marrow of short bones( sternum, ribs and vertebrae). The average life span of red blood cells is about 120 days, after which they are removed from the blood by the spleen and liver. RBCs are red because they contain a red protein, haemoglobin. Haemoglobin carries oxygen and little amounts of CO2 in the blood.
blood cells (Leucocytes)
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells.
🍃Types
The five classes of leukocytes are:
neutrophils (40% - 75%)
eosinophils (1% - 6%)
basophils (less than 1%)
monocytes (2%-10%)
🍃Treatment
Treatment for leukocytes in the urine depends on the cause and if there is an infection. For some conditions, such as a bacterial UTI, antibiotic therapy will clear up the infection relatively quickly.
lymphocytes (20%-45%)
🍃Normal range
If you're healthy, you can still have elevated leukocytes in your bloodstream and urine. A normal range in the bloodstream is between 4,500-11,000 WBCs per microliter. A normal range in the urine is lower than in the blood, and may be from 0-5 WBCs per high power field White blood cells.
🍃High levels
Higher levels of leukocytes in the bloodstream may indicate an infection. This is because WBCs are part of the immune system, and they help fight off disease and infection. ... High levels of WBCs in your urine also suggest that you have an infection.
Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage. they form a plug (clot) to fix the damage.
The process of spreading across the surface of a damaged blood vessel to stop bleeding is called adhesion. This is because when platelets get to the site of the injury, they grow sticky tentacles that help them stick (adhere) to one another. They also send out chemical signals to attract more platelets. The additional platelets pile onto the clot in a process called aggregation.Platelets are made in your bone marrow along with your white and red blood cells. Your bone marrow is the spongy center inside your bones. Another name for platelets is thrombocytes. Healthcare providers usually call a clot a thrombus. Once platelets are made and circulated into your bloodstream, they live for 8 to 10 days.
Under a microscope, a platelet looks like a tiny plate. Your healthcare provider may do a blood test called a complete blood count to find out if your bone marrow is making the right number of platelets:
🌺A normal platelet count is 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood.
🌺Your risk for bleeding develops if a platelet count falls below 10,000 to 20,000. When the platelet count is less than 50,000, bleeding is likely to be more serious if you're cut or bruised.
🌺Some people make too many platelets. They can have platelet counts from 500,000 to more than 1 million.
🍃What_happens if your platelet count is high or low
These are health conditions linked to abnormal platelets or abnormal platelet counts:
🌺Thrombocytopenia. In this condition, your bone marrow makes too few platelets. Or your platelets are destroyed. If your platelet count gets too low, bleeding can occur under the skin as a bruise. Or it can happen inside the body as internal bleeding. Or it can happen outside the body through a cut that won't stop bleeding or from a nosebleed. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by many conditions. These include several medicines, cancer, liver disease, pregnancy, infections, and an abnormal immune system.
🌺Essential thrombocythemia. In this condition, your bone marrow makes too many platelets. People with this condition may have platelet counts of more than 1 million. Symptoms can include blood clots that form and block blood supply to the brain or the heart. Doctors don't know what causes this type of thrombocythemia.
🌺Secondary thrombocytosis. This is another condition caused by too many platelets. Secondary thrombocytosis is more common. It is not caused by a bone marrow problem. Instead, another disease or condition stimulates the bone marrow to make more platelets. Causes include infection, inflammation, some types of cancer, and reactions to medicines. Symptoms are usually not serious. The platelet count goes back to normal when the other condition gets better.
🌺Platelet dysfunction. Many rare diseases are linked to poor platelet function. This means the number of platelets is normal, but the platelets don't work as they should. Medicines such as aspirin can cause this. It's important to know which medicines affect platelets. Know that while taking these medicines you have an increased risk of bleeding.
🌼Platelets are tiny but important cells in your blood that help your body control bleeding. If you have symptoms such as easy bruising, a cut that keeps bleeding, or frequent nosebleeds, let your healthcare provider know. A simple blood test is all you need to find out if your platelet count is normal.
anemia – if the disorder involves red blood cells.
leukopenia – if the disorder affects white blood cells.
thrombocytopenia – if the disorder concerns platelets.
is a cancer which starts in blood-forming tissue, usually the bone marrow. It leads to the over-production of abnormal white blood cells, the part of the immune system which defends the body against infection.
Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. There are many types of cancer which arise from different types of cell. What all cancers have in common is that the cancer cells are abnormal and do not respond to normal control mechanisms. Large numbers of cancer cells build up because they multiply 'out of control', or because they live much longer than normal cells, or both.
With leukaemia, the cancerous cells in the bone marrow spill out into the bloodstream. There are several types of leukaemia. Most types arise from cells which normally develop into white blood cells. (The word leukaemia comes from a Greek word which means 'white blood'.) If you develop leukaemia it is important to know exactly what type it is. This is because the outlook (prognosis) and treatments vary for the different types. Before discussing the different types of leukaemia it may help to know some basics about normal blood cells and how they are made.
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🌹Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
🌹Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
🌹Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
🌹Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
There are various 'subtypes' of each of these. In addition there are some other rare types of leukaemia. The word:
'Acute' means the disease develops and progresses quite quickly.
'Chronic' means persistent or ongoing. When talking about leukaemia, the word chronic also means that the disease develops and progresses slowly (even without treatment).
'Lymphoblastic' and 'lymphocytic' mean that an abnormal cancerous cell is a cell that originated from a lymphoid stem cell.
'Myeloid' means that an abnormal cancerous cell is a cell that originated from a myeloid stem cell.
is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
