Dr. Hassan - Dhakhtorka Kelyaha & Cudurada guud

04/05/2026

02/05/2026

Nagusoo booqo Aden Abdulle Hospital

05/04/2026

💊 Diuretics & Their Sites of Action

1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Drugs:
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., Acetazolamide)

Mechanism:
• Inhibit carbonic anhydrase → ↓ HCO₃⁻ reabsorption → mild diuresis

2. Thick Ascending Limb (Loop of Henle)

Drugs (Loop diuretics):
• Furosemide
• Bumetanide
• Torasemide

Mechanism:
• Block Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
• Most potent diuretics

3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Drugs (Thiazides):
• Hydrochlorothiazide
• Chlorthalidone

Mechanism:
• Block Na⁺-Cl⁻ cotransporter (NCC)
• Moderate diuretic effect

4. Collecting Duct

a) Aldosterone antagonists
• Spironolactone
• Eplerenone

Mechanism:
• Block aldosterone → ↓ Na⁺ reabsorption, ↓ K⁺ excretion

b) ENaC blockers (K⁺-sparing)
• Amiloride
• Triamterene

Mechanism:
• Block epithelial Na⁺ channels → mild diuresis

5. Osmotic diuresis occurs when non-reabsorbed solutes remain in the renal tubules, pulling water with them → ↑ urine output.

📍 Site of Action
• Mainly Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
• Also affects descending limb of Loop of Henle

⚙️ Mechanism
• Osmotically active substances ↑ tubular fluid osmolality
• This prevents water reabsorption
• Result → large volume of dilute urine

💊 Drugs Causing Osmotic Diuresis
• Mannitol (most important)

🧪 Common Causes (Non-drug)
• Hyperglycemia (e.g., uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus → glucose in urine)
• Urea (in high-protein states or renal disease)

🧠 Clinical Uses of Mannitol
• ↓ intracranial pressure (ICP)
• ↓ intraocular pressure (glaucoma)
• Maintain urine flow in acute kidney injury

21/10/2024

Treatment of vitamin D deficiency
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

➡️in vitamin D insufficiency:

ergocalciferol:
---------------------
▶️children:
2000 IU orally once daily or 50,000 IU orally once weekly for 6-8 weeks, followed by 400-1000 IU/day (children

29/09/2023

Take care ur Kidneys

15/04/2021

Common Signs of

* Right pain on palpation (the single most important sign)

* Low-grade fever (38°C [or 100.4°F])—absence of fever or high fever can occur

**Peritoneal signs
-Localized tenderness to percussion
-Guarding

-Other confirmatory peritoneal signs (absence of these signs does not exclude appendicitis)

sign—pain on extension of right thigh (retroperitoneal retrocecal appendix)

sign—pain on internal rotation of right thigh (pelvic appendix)

's sign—pain in right lower quadrant with palpation of left lower quadrant

's sign—increased pain with coughing

tenderness in right lower quadrant (retroperitoneal retrocecal appendix)
Patient maintains hip with knees drawn up for comfort.

15/04/2021

Si aad uga hortagto covid19,xooji difaaca jirkaada oo qaado talooyinkan caafimaad.

A-cun cunta dheeli tiran(Blanced Diet)sida vitamins, proteins,minerals Iwm.

B-sameey jimicsi dhexdhexaad ah maalin kasta (Moderate exercise).

C-yareey walaaca iyo wal bahaarka aad kaqabto Covid19.

D-Hurud waqti kugufilan (7-9 saacadood)

14/04/2021

Anshaxa caafimaadka(Medical Ethics).

Qof kasta oo ah Doctor ama xirfadle caafimaad waxaa laga rabaa inuu ilaaliyo xeerarka uu leeyahy caafimaadka,si looga fogaado in ladhibaateeyo bukaanka ama dhibaato ay dhaxmarto xirfadlaha caafimaad iyo bukaanka.

Hadaba waxa jira afar(4) xeer oo muhiim ay tahy inuu ilaaliyo xirfadlaha caafimaad.

1. ( bukaanka(patient) ama qofka lasocda(informed consent) oo wakiilka ka ah waxa uu xaq uleeyahy in uu wax ka ogaado goaanada caafimaadkisa kusaabsan,fikir ama talo,waana inuu ogyahy faaidada iyo qatarta ka imaankarta dawada uuqadanayo ama qaliinka lagusamaynaayo,dhakhtarka ama xirfadlaha caafimad ayaa lagarabaa inuu fahamsiiyo.

2. : adeega caafimaad ee lasiinayo bukaanada waa inuu ahaadaa mid cadaalad kusalaysan,si siman waa inay bukaanada adeega caafimaad uhelaan ayada oo loo eegin ,medeb,jinsi,qaraaboIWM.

3. :markasta kuda daal inaad usameyso bukaanka waxa u wanaagsan caafimaadkiisa.
Si taas loohelo Doctorka ama xirfadlaha caafimaad waxaa laga rabaa inuu ahaado mid update ah,lana socda waxa is bedelaaya ee caafimaadka kusaabsan,wax badan waa inuu aqriyaa si uu hormariyo aqoontiisa,tababaro badan waa inuu qaataa.

4. - : Hadii aadan bukaanka wax fiican usameyn karin haugadarin,ee ugudbi ama latasho qof kaaga aqoon roon.

Ugu dambeytii Doctorka ama xirfadlaha caafimaadku waa inuu markasta ku dadaalaa inuu qanciyo bukaanka xanuunsan ee usoo raadsaday adeeg caafimaad,masuuliyadas adagna uu daremaa maadama hadii uu hal naf badbaadiyo ay lamid tahay asagoo umad dhan badbaadiyay.
ومن احياها فكانمااحياالناس جميعا،
Mahadaanidin.

Fadlan lawadag asxabtada.

06/08/2020

Naas nuujinta waxay leedahay sedax faaido.

1. naas nuujinta uleedahahy canuga

A. inuu ukoro canuga jir ahaan iyo maskax ahaanba.

B.difaaca jirkiisa oo fiicnaado

C. inuu abuurmo jaceyl udhaxeeya hooyada iyo canuga

#2. naas nuujintu uleedahay hooyada.

A.inay kabadbaado hooyadu cudurro badan oo kadhasha hadii aan caanaha naaska lanuuugin.

B.waxa ay naas nuujintu utahay hooyada family planning(hooyadu inta ay canuga joogto unuujineyso uur maqaadeyso).

C.hooyada waxa ay jeclaanee canugeeda oo jaceelkeeda ayaa sii kordhaaya.

3. bulshada.

Hadii canuga si sax ah loonuujiyo waxaa laga bad baadayaa cudurro badan oo canuga soowajaha waxaana yaraanaya aadida Hospitals ka iyo qarash badan inuu kuboxo canuga, sidoo kale hadii si sax ah loo nuujiyo canuga waxaa soo baxaya caruur maskax fiyow jir fayaw oo bulshada anfaca.

Mahadsanidiin