02/26/2026
When uterine atony develops, the uterus feels soft, enlarged, and boggy rather than firm. Blood loss may exceed 500 mL after a vaginal birth or 1000 mL after a cesarean birth. As bleeding continues, the patient may develop tachycardia, hypotension, dizziness, pallor, and altered mental status. If not treated promptly, ongoing blood loss can progress to hypovolemic shock, organ failure, and death. Postpartum hemorrhage remains one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide.
These medications are referred to as uterotonics and are used to prevent or treat postpartum hemorrhage by stimulating uterine contraction.
1. Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Oxytocin is the first-line medication for prevention and treatment of uterine atony. It stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction and is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
2. Methylergonovine (Methergine)
Methylergonovine produces strong, sustained uterine contractions. It is administered intramuscularly.
3. Carboprost (Hemabate)
Carboprost is a prostaglandin F2a analogue that induces powerful uterine contractions. It is given intramuscularly and is highly effective. It is contraindicated in patients with asthma because it can cause bronchospasm.
4. Misoprostol
Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue. It may be administered orally, sublingually, or rectally. It is particularly useful in low-resource settings due to its stability and ease of administration. Common side effects include shivering and fever.
5. Tranexamic Acid (TXA)
Tranexamic acid is not a uterotonic. It works by inhibiting fibrinolysis and stabilizing blood clots. When administered within three hours of hemorrhage onset, it has been shown to reduce mortality associated with postpartum hemorrhage.