12/30/2025
I learned COBOL during my freshman year at LSU. It was much easier to learn than Assembly or FORTRAN. Many years later, I still remember getting calls from headhunters looking for anyone who knew COBOL. Now I know the rest of the story and who I have to thank for COBOL and of equal importance the saying "It is easier to ask for forgiveness than permission" Remarkable Person.
The room was full of men in suits. It was 1952, and Grace Hopper—a Navy lieutenant commander barely over five feet tall—was about to tell them they'd been programming computers wrong.
Every computer scientist in the room was older, more senior, more established. And they were all certain of one thing: computers could only understand numbers. Ones and zeros. Machine code.
You wanted to make a computer add two numbers? You wrote something like:
0010 1101 0011 1001
That's not a typo. That's actual programming in the early 1950s. Binary code. Machine language. The only language computers spoke.
It was brutal work. One wrong digit—one zero where there should be a one—and the entire program crashed. Finding the error meant checking thousands of numbers by hand.
Grace Hopper looked at this system and thought: This is insane.
She had an idea. A revolutionary, supposedly impossible idea: What if we could write instructions in something resembling English, and let the computer translate it into machine code?
The men in the room told her it couldn't be done. Computers weren't smart enough. The translation would be too complex. It was theoretically interesting but practically impossible.
Grace Hopper didn't care. She built it anyway.
But to understand why this mattered, you need to understand Grace Hopper.
Born in 1906, Grace Murray grew up taking apart alarm clocks to see how they worked. She earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale in 1934—one of the first women to do so—at a time when most universities didn't even admit women to graduate programs.
When WWII started, she tried to join the Navy. They rejected her: too old (37), too light (105 pounds), and her work as a math professor was classified as essential civilian service.
She didn't ask permission twice. She quit her tenured professorship and joined the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service). If they wouldn't take her the easy way, she'd make them take her the hard way.
The Navy assigned her to Harvard's computation project, where she met the Mark I—a 51-foot-long, 8-foot-high computer that weighed five tons and sounded like a room full of clicking knitting needles.
Grace Hopper fell in love.
She learned to program the Mark I using paper tape punched with holes. It was tedious, unforgiving work. But she was good at it. Better than good—brilliant.
By 1949, she'd left Harvard to work for the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (later part of Re*****on Rand), where they were building UNIVAC I—one of the first commercial computers.
And that's where she had her impossible idea: the compiler.
Here's what a compiler does: You write instructions in something humans can read—like "ADD SALARY TO TOTAL"—and the compiler automatically translates it into the machine code the computer understands.
Today, every programmer uses compilers. They're so fundamental to computing that we don't even think about them. But in 1952, the idea was radical.
Grace Hopper's colleagues told her it couldn't work. Computers weren't sophisticated enough to translate human-readable commands. The processing overhead would be too expensive. It was a fantasy.
She later joked: "I had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic; they could not do programs."
So Grace Hopper did what she always did when people told her something was impossible: she proved them wrong.
In 1952, she completed the A-0 System—the world's first working compiler. You could write instructions in a relatively readable format, and the compiler would translate them into machine code automatically.
It worked. It was faster. It made programming accessible to people who weren't machine code wizards.
And slowly, reluctantly, the computer science world began to realize: Grace Hopper had changed everything.
But she didn't stop there. The A-0 was a proof of concept. Grace Hopper wanted something more ambitious: a programming language that used actual English words.
In 1957, she developed FLOW-MATIC—the first programming language to use English-like syntax. Instead of cryptic codes, you could write:
INPUT INVENTORY FILE-A PRICE FILE-B
COMPARE PRODUCT-NO IN A WITH PRODUCT-NO IN B
It looked like instructions a human could read. Because that was the point.
Her colleagues were still skeptical. Business executives would never trust a programming language that looked like English, they said. It was too simple. Too informal. Real programming required complex mathematical notation.
Grace Hopper disagreed. She believed programming should be accessible to business analysts, not just mathematics Ph.D.s. She wanted secretaries and accountants to be able to program computers, not just engineers.
So she pushed forward. FLOW-MATIC became the foundation for COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language), developed in 1959 with Hopper as a key contributor and technical consultant.
COBOL used English words. It was designed for business applications. It was readable, maintainable, and accessible.
The computer science establishment hated it. Real programmers didn't need English words. Real programming was mathematical, elegant, pure.
Grace Hopper didn't care. She'd built COBOL for the people who would actually use it: businesses, banks, government agencies. People who needed to process payroll, track inventory, manage accounts.
And it worked. Within a decade, COBOL was running the majority of business computing in the world.
Here's the thing people forget: COBOL is still running the world.
Today—right now—COBOL processes 95% of ATM transactions. It handles 80% of in-person financial transactions. The IRS tax system runs on COBOL. Social Security. Major banks. Government systems.
During the Y2K crisis, the world suddenly remembered: everything runs on COBOL. And there weren't enough programmers who knew it. Grace Hopper's 1959 language was so successful, so embedded in critical infrastructure, that we literally cannot replace it.
That's not just impact. That's building the invisible foundation of modern civilization.
But here's what made Grace Hopper extraordinary beyond her technical brilliance: her personality.
She was irreverent, funny, and utterly unconcerned with hierarchy. She'd call admirals "young man" when she was in her 70s. She kept a clock on her wall that ran backwards because "humans are too bound by arbitrary rules."
She famously carried pieces of wire in her pockets—each one exactly 11.8 inches long, the distance light travels in one nanosecond. When officers didn't understand why satellite communication had delays, she'd pull out her nanoseconds and show them: "See? This is how far light travels in a billionth of a second. That's why your signal is delayed."
She made complex concepts tactile, real, understandable.
Her most famous quote became a mantra for innovators: "It's easier to ask forgiveness than permission."
She lived by that. When bureaucracy told her something was impossible or required approval, she'd do it first and apologize later. The compiler? Built it without permission. COBOL? Pushed it through despite institutional resistance.
The Navy kept trying to retire her. She kept refusing. They retired her in 1966—and recalled her in 1967 because they needed her expertise. They tried again in 1971. Again in 1972. Each time, they'd bring her back because nobody else could do what she did.
She finally retired—permanently—in 1986 at age 79, the oldest serving officer in the U.S. Navy. She'd spent 43 years in naval service, most of it teaching computers and people to understand each other.
Grace Hopper died on January 1, 1992, at age 85. She was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.
But her legacy didn't die. Every time you use a computer, you're using Grace Hopper's vision. Every compiler. Every high-level programming language. Every business system running on readable code instead of binary.
She didn't just make programming more efficient. She made it democratic. She opened computing to people who weren't mathematics Ph.D.s or machine code specialists.
Before Grace Hopper, programming was an elite skill for specialists. After Grace Hopper, programming was a tool anyone could learn.
She built the bridge between human thought and machine processing. She made computers speak our language instead of forcing us to speak theirs.
And she did it over the objections of nearly everyone in her field, who told her it was impossible until she proved them wrong.
Think about the audacity required. A woman in her 40s in the 1950s, telling male computer scientists they were wrong about the fundamental nature of programming. Telling the Navy she knew better than their regulations. Telling business leaders that English-language code would work even when they insisted on mathematical purity.
And being right. Every single time.
Grace Hopper wasn't just brilliant. She was stubbornly, irreverently, joyfully right in the face of institutional certainty that she was wrong.
She taught computers to understand English. She taught programmers to think differently. She taught the Navy that a 79-year-old woman could be their most valuable officer.
And she taught everyone who came after her that "impossible" usually just means "nobody's done it yet."
The next time you use an ATM, thank Grace Hopper. When you file your taxes online, thank Grace Hopper. When you write code in Python or Java or any language more readable than binary—thank Grace Hopper.
Because she's the reason computers learned to speak human. And that simple, supposedly impossible idea changed the world.
She was 5'6", carried nanoseconds in her pockets, and refused to retire until the Navy literally forced her out at 79.
And she built the invisible foundation of everything you're reading this on.
Grace Hopper: Rear Admiral, mathematician, teacher, and the woman who taught computers how to listen.
"It's easier to ask forgiveness than permission."
She lived it. And we're all programming in the world she built.