11/07/2024
🤱🍼 Breast milk is extraordinarily complex, with a vast array of nutrients, cells, proteins, fats, and bioactive components that contribute to its uniqueness as the ideal nutrition source for infants.
Check out this list of what can be found inside of breastmilk! 😍💖
1. Macronutrients
Carbohydrates:
Lactose (primary carbohydrate for energy and gut health)
Oligosaccharides (HMOs, which support immune system and gut microbiome)
Proteins:
Casein
Whey proteins: alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, lysozyme
Immunoglobulins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE
Enzymes: lipase, amylase, peroxidase
Growth factors: epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), transforming growth factors (TGFs)
Fats:
Essential fatty acids: DHA, ARA, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids
Phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine
Cholesterol (important for brain development)
Monoglycerides and diglycerides
2. Micronutrients
Vitamins:
Water-soluble: B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12), Vitamin C
Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, K
Minerals:
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Chloride, Iodine, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Manganese.
3. Bioactive Compounds
Hormones:
Cortisol (supports immune function and stress response)
Adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin (related to appetite regulation)
Insulin, thyroid hormones, prolactin, and oxytocin
Enzymes (catalyze biochemical reactions):
Amylase (helps in carbohydrate digestion)
Lipase (aids in fat digestion)
Lactoperoxidase, catalase (with antioxidant roles)
Antioxidants:
Glutathione, beta-carotene, lycopene, melatonin, uric acid
Growth Factors:
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
4. Immune Factors
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins):
Secretory IgA (sIgA), IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD (protect mucosal surfaces and prevent infections)
White Blood Cells:
Macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes (actively combat pathogens)
Cytokines and Chemokines:
IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta (immune-regulatory proteins)
Antimicrobial Proteins:
Lactoferrin, lysozyme, defensins, complement proteins (fight infections)
Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs):
2’-Fucosyllactose (2’-FL), Lacto-N-tetraose, Lacto-N-fucopentaose, and many more (nurture beneficial gut bacteria, protect against pathogens)
5. Beneficial Bacteria (Probiotics)
Common Strains:
Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus (support healthy gut microbiome and immune development)
6. Additional Factors
MicroRNAs:
Regulate gene expression, may influence immune and developmental processes
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs):
Carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, involved in cell communication
Peptides:
Beta-casomorphins, casein phosphopeptides (potential roles in digestion and immune modulation)
7. Other Unique Components
Choline: essential for brain development
Carnitine: important for energy production
Polyamines: spermidine, spermine (support cellular growth)
Nucleotides: AMP, CMP, GMP, UMP (involved in energy transfer, immune health)
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Breast milk’s composition is dynamic, changing in response to the infant’s age and needs.
This complexity allows it to support infant growth, immunity, digestion, and cognitive development in ways that go far beyond mere nutrition.
The full profile of human breast milk includes thousands of bioactive compounds, many still under research!