14/07/2025
The recent Outbreak of Pneumococcal Meningitis In Mwense, Front line Cadres are expected to be on High alert in quickly recognizing the disease.
Quick Facts About Meningitis
1. Etiology (Causes)
Bacterial meningitis is most critical in outbreaks—common pathogens include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
Transmission is via respiratory droplets—close and prolonged contact in dormitories increases risk.
2. Signs & Symptoms
Watch for this classic triad in students/pupils: Fever, Neck stiffness (difficulty bending neck forward) and Severe headache and/or altered mental status (confusion, drowsiness)
Other red flags: Nausea/vomiting, photophobia
In meningococcal cases: non-blanching purple/petechial rash, cold extremities, fast breathing—signs of sepsis.
3. Raising the Index of Suspicion
Act immediately if any of the following are present:
- Fever + headache + neck stiffness + altered consciousness (especially if two or more are present).
- New rash that doesn’t fade (non-blanching) especially with fever.
- Rapid deterioration, seizures, breathing difficulty, or limb coldness (possible meningococcal sepsis).
4. Diagnosis & Initial Management
Urgent medical referral—take the student to a health facility immediately.
Blood cultures and ideally lumbar puncture (CSF analysis) needed to identify pathogen—but do not delay antibiotic administration.
Head CT scan before LP only if there are signs of raised intracranial pressure: altered consciousness (GCS < 11), focal neurologic signs, papilledema, or seizures. Otherwise, perform LP promptly.
5. Management (WHO 2025 guidelines)
Start empirical antibiotics immediately:
Adults/adolescents (~>1 month to