Apothecary is the oldest form of remedy in the world. Extracting the beneficial compounds from plants is easy, and something our grandmothers and great-grandmothers did routinely, harvesting herbs from a back door garden.
According to the Worshipful Society of the Apothecaries of London, the word apothecary is derived from “apotheca… a place where wine, spices, and herbs were stored” (originally from the Ancient Greek word apothḗkē). Apothecary shops sold spices, candies, perfumes, spiced wines, herbs and remedies compounded from plant-based materials. The apothecaries used the same methods of steeping, simmering and distilling practices in creating what are referred to as concentrates in the cannabis and herbalist communities today.
Apothecary items were initially sold at livery companies in old England. Liveries were all-purpose shops, likened to a general store. They sold bulk items wholesale, or en gros in French, hence the term grocer, or grocery store. By the mid-16th century, London apothecaries had become the equivalent of the pharmacies we know today, with those in this field wishing to separate themselves from sellers of dry goods and tack.
In 1617, the apothecaries seceded from the Worshipful Company of Grocers, and King James officially gave his approval for the change in 1624 with the creation of the aforementioned, Society of Apothecaries. He stated, “I myself did devise that corporation and do allow it. The grocers, who complain of it, are but merchants; the mystery of these apothecaries were belonging to apothecaries, wherein the grocers are unskillful; and therefore, I think it is fitting they should be a corporation of themselves.”
In 1673, the Worshipful Society of the Apothecaries founded Chelsea Physic Garden to test medicinal herbs and train apprentices. The oldest botanical garden in London remains open today for public tours, and it houses approximately 5,000 edible medical plants that demonstrate "the medicinal, economic, cultural and environmental importance of plants to the survival and well-being of humankind.
In the Rose Case (1701 to 1704), the Royal College of Physicians targeted an apothecary liveryman named William Rose. Per a 2006 study on the matter in The British Journal of General Practice, "Their Lordships regarded the physicians' argument as being based on upholding ancient privilege and not on the provision of care for the sick," and the House of Lords sided with Rose and, by extension, all apothecaries. This ruling allowed apothecaries to examine, prescribe and dispense remedies.
In the New World, colonial apothecaries from Europe practiced medicine, performed surgery, served as (male) midwives, and created remedies from plants and other natural ingredients, including cannabis. Many remedies used—such as chalk for heartburn, calamine for skin issues and cinchona bark to quell fevers—are still used in medications today.
If you couldn’t afford to go to the shop, kitchen apothecary was common, with people self-diagnosing and treating themselves at home—much like members of the herbalist and cannabis communities practice today. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) referenced cannabis indica as early as 1900 as a remedy for myriad ailments covering every biological system in the human body. Its use was so widespread that Culpeper’s Complete Herbal in 1824 reported, “This [cannabis] is so well known to every good housewife in the country, that I shall not need to write any description of it.”
With the New World came new plants and remedies taught to settlers from the indigenous people who lived there. Trade via exploratory sailing ships made more exotic plants available, putting the total number of natural remedies used by the natives of British North America upwards of 170; with 50 more commonly used by the indigenous people of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America. Eventually these remedies became significant enough to add to the United States Pharmacopoeia, still referenced today.
The “drug store” was created in Colonial America as apothecaries also carried alcohol, to***co, spices and other commonly used items. During the next 100 years, drug stores were said to be established in every city across the country.
In 1777, one year after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, Boston apothecary Andrew Craigie was appointed the first Apothecary General. He had served as apothecary to the troops in the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775.
This post evolved into the Surgeon General position we know today—with the tradition of military men as apothecaries and chemists—crossing over into the pharmaceutical industry after the Civil War. These men included Eli Lilly and Edward Robinson Squibb and German immigrants Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart, who provided plant-based painkillers and antiseptics.
The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (P*P), which grew into the multi-discipline University of Sciences, opened in 1821 as the first U.S. pharmaceutical school. Eli Lilly graduated from P*P in 1907, and an early alumnus, William Procter, Jr., graduated in 1837, became a professor there in 1846 and helped establish the first professional pharmacists society in the U.S. in 1852 (now known as the American Pharmacists Association, or APhA). Procter is commonly called the Father of American Pharmacy.