Kidney diseases

29/10/2024

*ULCER*

Definition
Stomach ulcer, which are also known as gastric ulcers, are painful sores in the stomach lining. Stomach ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer disease. Peptic ulcers are any ulcers that affect both the stomach and small intestines.



Stomach ulcers occur when the thick layer of mucus that protects your stomach from digestive juices is reduced. This allows the digestive acids to eat away at the tissues that line the stomach, causing an ulcer. Stomach ulcers may be easily cured, but they can become severe without proper treatment.

History
The road to a cure for ulcers has been a long and bumpy one. Recent news that ulcers are caused by a bacterium and can be cured with antibiotics has changed traditional thinking. Physicians and consumers have not been informed of the good news.

Early 20th Century

Ulcers are believed to be caused by stress and dietary factors. Treatment focuses on hospitalization, bed rest, and prescription of special bland foods. Later, gastric acid is blamed for ulcer disease. Antacids and medications that block acid production become the standard of therapy. Despite this treatment, there is a high recurrence of ulcers.

1982

Australian physicians Robin Warren and Barry Marshall first identify the link between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and ulcers, concluding that the bacterium, not stress or diet, causes ulcers. The medical community is slow to accept their findings.

1994

A National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference concludes that there is a strong association between H. pylori and ulcer disease, and recommends that ulcer patients with H. pylori infection be treated with antibiotics.

Risk factors of stomach ulcer
Certain behaviors and factors increase the chances of developing a stomach ulcer; these include:

Frequent steroid usage.
Smoking
Overproducing calcium – hypercalcemia.
Genetics
Consuming alcohol frequently.
Age – they are more common in individuals over 50. People of any age can develop

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29/01/2022

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27/01/2022

Kidney cancer is cancer that originates in the kidneys. Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They're located behind your abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of your spine.

In adults, the most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma. Other less common types of kidney cancer can occur. Young children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms' tumor.

The incidence of kidney cancer seems to be increasing. One reason for this may be the fact that imaging techniques such as computerized tomography (CT) scan are being used more often. These tests may lead to the accidental discovery of more kidney cancers.

SYMPTOMS
Kidney cancer rarely causes signs or symptoms in its early stages. In the later stages, kidney cancer signs and symptoms may include:

Blood in your urine, which may appear pink, red or cola colored
Back pain just below the ribs that doesn't go away
Weight loss
Fatigue
Intermittent fever
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs or symptoms that worry you.

CAUSES
It's not clear what causes renal cell carcinoma.

Doctors know that kidney cancer begins when some kidney cells acquire mutations in their DNA. The mutations tell the cells to grow and divide rapidly. The accumulating abnormal cells form a tumor that can extend beyond the kidney. Some cells can break off and spread (metastasize) to distant parts of the body.

RISK FACTORS
Factors that can increase the risk of kidney cancer include:

Older age. Your risk of kidney cancer increases as you age.
Smoking. Smokers have a greater risk of kidney cancer than nonsmokers do. The risk decreases after you quit.
Obesity. People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than do people who are considered average weight.
High blood pressure (hypertension). High blood pressure increases your risk of kidney cancer.
Treatment for kidney failure. People who receive long-term dialysis to treat chronic kidney failure have a greater risk of developing kidney cancer.
Certain inherited syndromes. People who are born with certain inherited syndromes may have an increased risk of kidney cancer, including those who have von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and familial papillary renal cell carcinoma.

27/01/2022

Kidney cancer is cancer that originates in the kidneys. Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They're located behind your abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of your spine.

In adults, the most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma. Other less common types of kidney cancer can occur. Young children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms' tumor.

The incidence of kidney cancer seems to be increasing. One reason for this may be the fact that imaging techniques such as computerized tomography (CT) scan are being used more often. These tests may lead to the accidental discovery of more kidney cancers.

SYMPTOMS

Kidney cancer rarely causes signs or symptoms in its early stages. In the later stages, kidney cancer signs and symptoms may include:

Blood in your urine, which may appear pink, red or cola coloredBack pain just below the ribs that doesn't go awayWeight lossFatigueIntermittent feverWhen to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs or symptoms that worry you.

CAUSES

It's not clear what causes renal cell carcinoma.

Doctors know that kidney cancer begins when some kidney cells acquire mutations in their DNA. The mutations tell the cells to grow and divide rapidly. The accumulating abnormal cells form a tumor that can extend beyond the kidney. Some cells can break off and spread (metastasize) to distant parts of the body.

RISK FACTORS

Factors that can increase the risk of kidney cancer include:

Older age. Your risk of kidney cancer increases as you age.Smoking. Smokers have a greater risk of kidney cancer than nonsmokers do. The risk decreases after you quit.Obesity. People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than do people who are considered average weight.High blood pressure (hypertension). High blood pressure increases your risk of kidney cancer.Treatment for kidney failure. People who receive long-term dialysis to treat chronic kidney failure have a greater risk of developing kidney cancer.Certain inherited syndromes. People who are born with certain inherited syndromes may have an increased risk of kidney cancer, including those who have von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and familial papillary renal cell carcinoma.

27/01/2022

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13/09/2021

DEFINITION

Kidney stones (renal lithiasis, nephrolithiasis) are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside your kidneys. The stones are made of mineral and acid salts.

Kidney stones have many causes and can affect any part of your urinary tract — from your kidneys to your bladder. Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.

Passing kidney stones can be quite painful, but the stones usually cause no permanent damage. Depending on your situation, you may need nothing more than to take pain medication and drink lots of water to pass a kidney stone. In other instances — for example, if stones become lodged in the urinary tract or cause complications — surgery may be needed.

Your doctor may recommend preventive treatment to reduce your risk of recurrent kidney stones if you're at increased risk of developing them again.

CAUSES

Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause, although several factors may increase your risk.

Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances — such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form.

Types of kidney stones

Knowing the type of kidney stone helps determine the cause and may give clues on how to reduce your risk of getting more kidney stones. Types of kidney stones include:

Calcium stones. Most kidney stones are calcium stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate. Oxalate is a naturally occurring substance found in food. Some fruits and vegetables, as well as nuts and chocolate, have high oxalate levels. Your liver also produces oxalate. Dietary factors, high doses of vitamin D, intestinal bypass surgery and several metabolic disorders can increase the concentration of calcium or oxalate in urine. Calcium stones may also occur in the form of calcium phosphate.Struvite stones. Struvite stones form in response to an infection, such as a urinary tract infection. These stones can grow quickly and become quite large, sometimes with few symptoms or little warning.Uric acid stones. Uric acid stones can form in people who don't drink enough fluids or who lose too much fluid, those who eat a high-protein diet, and those who have gout. Certain genetic factors also may increase your risk of uric acid stones.Cystine stones. These stones form in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of certain amino acids (cystinuria).Other stones. Other, rarer types of kidney stones also can occurSYMPTOMS

A kidney stone may not cause symptoms until it moves around within your kidney or passes into your ureter — the tube connecting the kidney and bladder. At that point, you may experience these signs and symptoms:

Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribsPain that spreads to the lower abdomen and groinPain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensityPain on urinationPink, red or brown urineCloudy or foul-smelling urineNausea and vomitingPersistent need to urinateUrinating more often than usualFever and chills if an infection is presentUrinating small amounts of urine

Pain caused by a kidney stone may change — for instance, shifting to a different location or increasing in intensity — as the stone moves through your urinary tract.

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11/09/2021

DEFINITION

Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance.

Acute kidney failure — also called acute renal failure or acute kidney injury — develops rapidly over a few hours or a few days. Acute kidney failure is most common in people who are already hospitalized, particularly in critically ill people who need intensive care.

Acute kidney failure can be fatal and requires intensive treatment. However, acute kidney failure may be reversible. If you're otherwise in good health, you may recover normal or nearly normal kidney function.

CAUSES

Acute kidney failure can occur when:

You have a condition that slows blood flow to your kidneysYou experience direct damage to your kidneysYour kidneys' urine drainage tubes (ureters) become blocked and wastes can't leave your body through your urineImpaired blood flow to the kidneys

Diseases and conditions that may slow blood flow to the kidneys and lead to kidney failure include:

Blood or fluid lossBlood pressure medicationsHeart attackHeart diseaseInfectionLiver failureUse of aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen (Aleve, others) or related drugsSevere allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)Severe burnsSevere dehydrationDamage to the kidneys

These diseases, conditions and agents may damage the kidneys and lead to acute kidney failure:

Blood clots in the veins and arteries in and around the kidneysCholesterol deposits that block blood flow in the kidneysGlomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-loe-nuh-FRY-tis), inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys (glomeruli)Hemolytic uremic syndrome, a condition that results from premature destruction of red blood cellsInfectionLupus, an immune system disorder causing glomerulonephritisMedications, such as certain chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, dyes used during imaging tests and zoledronic acid (Reclast, Zometa), used to treat osteoporosis and high blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia)Multiple myeloma, a cancer of the plasma cellsScleroderma, a group of rare diseases affecting the skin and connective tissuesThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a rare blood disorderToxins, such as alcohol, heavy metals and cocaineVasculitis, an inflammation of blood vesselsUrine blockage in the kidneys

Diseases and conditions that block the passage of urine out of the body (urinary obstructions) and can lead to acute kidney failure include:

Bladder cancerBlood clots in the urinary tractCervical cancerColon cancerEnlarged prostateKidney stonesNerve damage involving the nerves that control the bladderProstate cancer

RISK FACTORS

Acute kidney failure almost always occurs in connection with another medical condition or event. Conditions that can increase your risk of acute kidney failure include:

Being hospitalized, especially for a serious condition that requires intensive careAdvanced ageBlockages in the blood vessels in your arms or legs (peripheral artery disease)DiabetesHigh blood pressureHeart failureKidney diseasesLiver diseases

COMPLICATIONS

Potential complications of acute kidney failure include:

Fluid buildup. Acute kidney failure may lead to a buildup of fluid in your lungs, which can cause shortness of breath.Chest pain. If the lining that covers your heart (pericardium) becomes inflamed, you may experience chest pain.Muscle weakness. When your body's fluids and electrolytes — your body's blood chemistry — are out of balance, muscle weakness can result. Elevated levels of potassium in your blood are particularly dangerous.Permanent kidney damage. Occasionally, acute kidney failure causes permanent loss of kidney function, or end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease require either permanent dialysis — a mechanical filtration process used to remove toxins and wastes from the body — or a kidney transplant to survive.Death. Acute kidney failure can lead to loss of kidney function and, ultimately, death. The risk of death is higher in people who had kidney problems before acute kidney failure.

PREPARING FOR YOUR APPOINTMENTSYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms of acute kidney failure may include:

Decreased urine output, although occasionally urine output remains normalFluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feetDrowsinessShortness of breathFatigueConfusionNauseaSeizures or coma in severe casesChest pain or pressure

Sometimes acute kidney failure causes no signs or symptoms and is detected through lab tests done for another reason.

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11/09/2021

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