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Dr.Shamsullah Mehtarkhel "شمس الله مهترخیل ", Kabul (2026)

09/11/2025

Pneumonia

سینه‌ بغل (Pneumonia) یا ذات‌الریه، یک *عفونت ریه‌ها* است که معمولاً به دلیل *باکتری، ویروس یا قارچ* ایجاد می‌شود. در این حالت، کیسه‌های هوایی در ریه‌ها پر ا...

16/12/2020

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➡The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. The parts of the ear include:

⭕ ⭕

⭕ or ear, consisting of⭕

⭕ ⭕

➡This is the outside part of the ear.

⭕ ⭕

➡This is the tube that connects the outer ear to the inside or middle ear.

⭕ (eardrum)⭕

➡The tympanic membrane divides the external ear from the middle ear.

⭕ (tympanic cavity), consisting of⭕

⭕ ⭕

➡Three small bones that are connected and transmit the sound waves to the inner ear. The bones are called:
👉Malleus (hammer)
👉Incus (anvil)
👉Stapes (Stirrup)

➡The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body.

➡The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube

⭕ ⭕

➡ A canal that links the middle ear with the back of the nose. The eustachian tube helps to equalize the pressure in the middle ear. Equalized pressure is needed for the proper transfer of sound waves.

➡The eustachian tube is lined with mucous, just like the inside of the nose and throat.

⭕ ⭕
consisting of:

⭕ ⭕

➡This contains the nerves for hearing.

⭕ ⭕

➡This contains receptors for balance.

⭕ ⭕

➡This contains receptors for balance.

⭕ ⭕

➡Hearing starts with the outer ear. When a sound is made outside the outer ear, the sound waves, or vibrations, travel down the external auditory canal and strike the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

➡The eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are then passed to 3 tiny bones in the middle ear called the ossicles.

➡The ossicles amplify the sound. They send the sound waves to the inner ear and into the fluid-filled hearing organ (cochlea).

➡Once the sound waves reach the inner ear, they are converted into electrical impulses.

➡The auditory nerve sends these impulses to the brain. The brain then translates these electrical impulses as sound..