13/12/2024
Mmmm...chocolate. Been working with quite a few endurance runners and adventure racers this year. We always talk about gut permeability and how intense exercise can change it. This is a great study on the benefits of cacao. Enjoy the read...with some dark chocolate of course 🍫
Still on the topic of chocolate, a recent clinical trial in elite athletes found that supplementation with a polyphenol-rich dark chocolate nullified the increase in gut permeability induced by intense exercise.
Gut barrier disruption can lead to enhanced intestinal permeability, which allows endotoxins, pathogens and other proinflammatory substances to move through the intestinal barrier and into local tissues and our circulation. This phenomenon is now linked to a substantial range of chronic diseases including autoimmunity and, via neuroinflammation, depression, dementia, chronic fatigue syndrome and autism, to name a few. Not surprisingly, given our recent awareness of the clinical significance of gut barrier disruption, any discovery about agents that can improve gut barrier integrity is of substantial medical significance.
Intense exercise over a prolonged period increases intestinal permeability, which can be further worsened by the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence intense exercise provides a useful human model to assess effects on gut barrier integrity.
The aim of this study was to assess the degree of intestinal permeability in elite football (soccer) players and to examine the effect of cocoa polyphenols on intestinal permeability induced by intensive physical exercise. Biomarkers of intestinal permeability, such as circulating levels of zonulin, a modulator of tight junctions, occludin, a tight junction protein, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation, were evaluated in 24 elite football players and 23 amateur athletes. Moreover, the 24 elite football players were randomly assigned to either a dark chocolate (40 g per day, >85% cocoa) intake (n = 12) or a control group (n = 12) for 30 days in a randomised controlled trial design. Biochemical analyses were performed at baseline and after 30 days of chocolate intake.
Compared to the amateur athletes, elite football players showed increased intestinal permeability, as indicated by higher levels of zonulin, occludin and LPS. After 30 days of dark chocolate intake and intense exercise, substantially increased intestinal permeability was found in the elite athletes not consuming dark chocolate. In the active group, no changes were observed. In vitro, polyphenol extracts significantly improved intestinal damage in the human intestinal mucosa cell line Caco-2. These results suggest that chronic supplementation with dark chocolate as a rich source of polyphenols can positively modulate exercise-induced intestinal damage in elite football athletes.
The therapeutic effect was quite large. After 30 days of training, the control group showed increased levels of LPS compared to baseline (from 31.5 ± 4.8 pg/mL to 46.5 ± 5.15 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Similar large increases were seen for zonulin and occludin compared to baseline (from 2.63 ± 0.49 ng/mL to 4.65 ± 0.97 ng/mL, p < 0.001 and from 0.96 ± 1.88 ng/mL to 1.42 ± 0.37 ng/mL, p = 0.003), respectively. In contrast, the levels of LPS, zonulin and occludin did not change compared to baseline in the elite football players consuming dark chocolate for 30 days (from 29.2 ± 7.75 pg/mL to 31.7 ± 8.37 pg/mL, p = 0.561, from 3.06 ± 1.40 ng/mL to 3.50 ± 1.25 ng/mL, p = 0.150, and from 0.88 ± 0.32 ng/mL to 0.86 ± 0.37 ng/mL, p = 0.99), respectively.
For more information:
https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/herbclip/issues/2024/issue-746/dark-chocolate-reduces-gut-permeability/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836487/