30/03/2026
Cumulative , quantified by estimated bone lead levels, was associated with higher mortality in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
In 2023, lead exposure accounted for 3.5 million deaths and 71.6 million disability-adjusted life-years globally, or 5.8% of all deaths and 2.6% of all DALYs, making lead the eighth leading risk factor for world mortality and the second leading environmental risk.
Despite substantial declines in blood lead levels following regulatory action, continued exposure from legacy contamination and industries such as battery recycling remains widespread, with highest burdens observed in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and North Africa/Middle East.
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