06/08/2024
Thanks The Bubble - great post!
A really interesting fact about human breast milk that you should know about!
Milk is a mammalian innovation, common from humans to hippos, its ingredients varying according to what each species needs. Human milk is a particular marvel. Every mammal mother produces complex sugars called oligosaccharides, but human mothers, for some reason, churn out an exceptional variety: so far, scientists have identified more than two hundred human milk oligosaccharides, or H.M.O.s. They are the third-most plentiful ingredient in human milk, after lactose and fats, and their structure ought to make them a rich source of energy for growing babies—but babies cannot digest them.
Why would a mother expend so much energy manufacturing these complicated chemicals if they were apparently useless to her child? Why hasn’t natural selection put its foot down on such a wasteful practice? Here’s a clue: H.M.O.s pass through the stomach and the small intestine unharmed, landing in the large intestine, where most of our bacteria live. What if they aren’t food for babies at all? What if they are food for microbes?
These sugars pass to the large intestine, where they nourish beneficial gut bacteria, specifically Bifidobacterium longum infantis. This microbe thrives on H.M.O.s, outcompeting others and benefiting infants by releasing nutrients and strengthening the gut barrier. Unlike other mammals, human milk has an exceptional quantity and variety of H.M.O.s, possibly due to evolutionary pressures for brain development and disease protection.
Pretty cool, huh?
Reference:
'Breast-Feeding the Microbiome'
The New Yorker
World Breastfeeding Week 2024 | 1 to 7 August