Medical Thesis-2-Article

24/05/2024

It's ok. Let's go for research to find the cause......

23/05/2024

The normal distribution curve, also known as the Gaussian distribution or bell curve, is a fundamental concept in statistics and probability theory. It describes how values of a variable are distributed and is characterized by its symmetrical, bell-shaped appearance. Here are the key features and properties of the normal distribution curve:

*** Key Features:
1. Symmetry: The curve is symmetric around the mean (µ), meaning the left and right halves are mirror images.
2. Bell Shape: The highest point on the curve occurs at the mean, and the curve tapers off equally in both directions from the mean.
3. Mean, Median, Mode: In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are all equal and located at the center of the distribution.
4. Asymptotic: The tails of the curve approach the horizontal axis but never actually touch it, extending infinitely in both directions.
5. Standard Deviation (σ): This measures the dispersion or spread of the distribution. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation; a larger standard deviation results in a wider and flatter curve, while a smaller standard deviation results in a narrower and taller curve.

*** Properties
1. 68-95-99.7 Rule (Empirical Rule): This rule states that for a normal distribution:
- About 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation (σ) of the mean (µ).
- About 95% of the data falls within two standard deviations (2σ) of the mean.
- About 99.7% of the data falls within three standard deviations (3σ) of the mean.

2. Area Under the Curve: The total area under the curve is 1, representing the total probability of all outcomes.

*** Applications
The normal distribution is widely used in various fields due to its natural occurrence in many real-world phenomena. Some common applications include:
-Statistics: Many statistical tests and procedures assume normality of data (e.g., t-tests, ANOVA).
-Quality Control: Normal distribution is used in Six Sigma and other quality control methodologies to model variations in manufacturing processes.
-Finance: Stock returns and other financial metrics are often modeled using normal distributions.
-Psychometrics: Standardized tests (e.g., IQ tests, SAT) often assume normal distribution of scores.
*** Example

Consider the heights of adult men in a specific population. If the heights are normally distributed with a mean (µ) of 70 inches and a standard deviation (σ) of 3 inches, the distribution of heights would follow a bell curve centered at 70 inches. According to the 68-95-99.7 rule:

- Approximately 68% of men would have heights between 67 and 73 inches (70 ± 1σ).
- Approximately 95% of men would have heights between 64 and 76 inches (70 ± 2σ).
- Approximately 99.7% of men would have heights between 61 and 79 inches (70 ± 3σ).

The normal distribution is a powerful tool for understanding and modeling variability in data, making it a cornerstone of statistical analysis.

22/05/2024

Normal Distribution.....

21/05/2024

Homogeneous Population:
In research, a homogeneous population refers to a group of subjects or units that share similar characteristics or traits. This similarity can be in terms of demographics, behaviors, genetics, environmental exposures, or other factors relevant to the study. Homogeneous populations are often used to reduce variability in research results, making it easier to detect the effects of the variables being studied.
Key Characteristics of Homogeneous Populations
Uniformity:
Members of the population are alike in key characteristics that are relevant to the research question. For example, in a medical study, a homogeneous population might consist of individuals of the same age group, s*x, health status, or genetic background.
Controlled Variables:
By selecting a homogeneous population, researchers control for extraneous variables that could confound the results. This allows for a clearer understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Study Precision:
Homogeneity helps improve the precision of the study by reducing the noise in the data. This makes it easier to observe the true effects of the interventions or treatments being tested.

Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits:
Reduced Confounding Variables: Homogeneity minimizes the influence of extraneous variables, providing clearer insights into the relationships being studied.
Increased Internal Validity: The controlled environment enhances the internal validity of the study, making the findings more reliable within the context of the study.
Drawbacks:
Limited Generalizability: Findings from a homogeneous population may not be applicable to a more diverse, heterogeneous population. This limits the external validity or generalizability of the research.
Potential Bias: Focusing on a homogeneous population might introduce selection bias, affecting the overall applicability of the research conclusions.

A homogeneous population in research is a group with similar characteristics chosen to minimize variability and confounding factors, thereby enhancing the clarity and precision of the study findings. However, while this approach strengthens internal validity, it can limit the generalizability of the results to broader, more diverse populations.

14/05/2024

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13/05/2024

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09/05/2024

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08/05/2024

Difference between confounding and extraneous variables:
Confounding variables can influence both dependent and independent variables, but extraneous variables can only influence dependent variables.
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07/05/2024

Data Analysis Plan for categorical outcome variables (In brief)

06/05/2024

Data Analysis Plan for continuous outcome variable (In Brief)

05/05/2024

Steps to write a review article:
Step One: Choose a Good Topic
Step Two: Literature Searching- After choosing a topic look for “new” articles for reviewing (20-50 enough)
Step Three: Annotated Bibliography
Step Four: Choose and Organize the Articles to be Include in Review-
• 20 “new” articles should be included for review. The usual range is 3 to 30, In rare cases or new issues 3 articles are enough.
• Group the articles in topic groups. Each topic group might make up a sub-heading in the review.
• Articles by the same author are often on a similar subject, which could be part of a “sub-heading”
• A good review might have 3-5 “sub-heading” groups of articles related to the overall topic
• Organize the sub-headings in a logical order

Step Five: Write the Introduction
• The introduction specifies what smaller area of the literature your review will cover
• It begins broadly and then focuses on the specific area you will discuss

Step Six: Write the Body of the Review
• Write a sub-heading title
• Discuss each paper under the sub-heading
• Describe the new development, method, or result
• Include a figure or table (90% of the time)
• Use transition sentences as you move from one article to the next
• Move to the next sub-heading area
• Include a transition paragraph at the end of the last sub-heading or the beginning of this on
• Repeat until all papers have been discussed
• A good review adds the author’s thoughts, insights, and perspective to the accumulating narrative
Step Seven: Edit, Conclude, References

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04/05/2024

Ten (10) Simple Tips/Rules for Writing a Literature Review:
1) Define a Topic and Audience
2) Search and Re-search the Literature
3) Take Notes While Reading
4) Choose the Type of Review You Wish to Write
5) Keep the Review Focused, but Make It of Broad Interest
6) Be Critical and Consistent
7) Find a Logical Structure
8) Make Use of Feedback
9) Include Your Own Relevant Research, but Be Objective
10) Be Up-to-Date, but Do Not Forget Older Studies