13/02/2023
Hypothyroidism
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HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid, or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism may include:
•Fatigue (a feeling of overtired or weakness)
•Drier, itchier skin
•Being sensitive to cold
•Pain, numbness and a tingling sensation in the hand and fingers
•Hoarse voice
•Constipation
•Hair loss
•Weight gain and difficulty losing weight
•Mental and behavioral changes
•Difficulty concentrating and poor memory
•Impaired hearing
•Menorrhagia (later oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea)
•Decreased s*x desire
•Shortness of breath (Dyspnoea)
Signs of hypothyroidism include:
•Puffiness around the face, hands, and feet (myxoedema)
•Slow heart rate (Bradycardia)
•Delayed tendon reflex relaxation
•Carpal tunnel syndrome
•Serous cavity effusions
•Peripheral oedema
•Diffuse alopecia
•Dry coarse skin; cool peripheral extremities
•Brittle hair and nails
SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDREN
°Infants
Hypothyroidism occurs at any age, but the symptoms vary in children. In newborns, symptoms occur in the first few weeks or months after birth. The symptoms are subtle and can be missed by parents and doctors. Symptoms include:
•Feeding problems.
•Poor growth
•Poor weight gain
•Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, a condition called jaundice
•Constipation
•Poor muscle tone
•Dry skin
•Hoarse crying
•Enlarged tongue
•A soft swelling or bulge near the belly button, a condition called umbilical hernia.
°Toddlers and Gradeschoolers
The problems associated with hypothyroidism beginning in early childhood vary depending on the child’s age. Thyroid conditions in young children may appear as:
•Shorter than average height
•Shorter than average limbs
•Permanent teeth that develop later
•Puberty that starts later
•Slowed mental development
•Heart rate that is slower than average
•Hair may be brittle
•Facial features may be puffy
These are the most frequent adult thyroid symptoms to appear in children:
•Tiredness
•Constipation
•Dry skin
•Teens
Hypothyroidism in teenagers occurs more often in girls than boys, and it’s most commonly due to the autoimmune disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Teenagers with a family history of autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, or type 1 diabetes are at a higher risk for developing thyroid disease. Children with genetic disorders such as Down syndrome also have an increased risk for thyroid disease.
Symptoms in teens resemble those in adults. But, the symptoms can be vague and hard to recognize. Teenagers with hypothyroidism often experience the following Signs and symptoms:
•Weight gain
•Slowed growth
•Being shorter in height
•Looking younger than age
•Slowed breast development
•Later start to period
•Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding
•Increased testicular size in boys
•Delayed puberty
•Dry skin
•Brittle hair and nails
•Constipation
•Puffiness in face, hoarse voice, •Larger thyroid gland
•Muscle and joint pain and stiffness
Teenagers with hypothyroidism may also have changes in behavior that are less obvious. Those symptoms include:
•Tiredness
•Forgetfulness
•Mood or behavior problems
•Difficulties with school performance
•Depressed mood
•Trouble concentrating
CAUSES
In general, iodine deficiency continues to be one of the leading causes of hypothyroidism, followed by autoimmune disease (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and iatrogenic causes (treatment of hyperthyroidism). The causes are broadly classified into three categories:
Primary causes
Secondary causes
Transient causes
1. Primary causes
Primary hypothyroidism is defined as low thyroid hormone levels in the blood caused by thyroid gland destruction. Autoimmunity or an intervention such as surgery, radioiodine, or radiations are typically responsible for this destruction.
•Autoimmune disease
The immune system's normal function is to defend the body from foreign substances like bacteria and viruses. Autoimmune diseases, known as "autoimmune," meaning "self," occur when the immune system mistakenly targets healthy tissue. In the case of hypothyroidism caused by autoimmune disease, the patient’s immune system attacks the healthy thyroid cells. This leads to inflammation (thyroiditis) and damage, thereby preventing the thyroid gland from producing thyroid hormone. When a sufficient number of thyroid cells are lost, there is no longer enough to supply the body with thyroid hormone. Hashimoto's disease is the most prevalent type of autoimmune hypothyroidism.
•Medications
Hypothyroidism can be caused by several different medications.
Drugs that suppress serum TSH levels
Drugs that alter thyroid hormone secretion
Drugs that alter T3 and T4 metabolism
Drugs that reduce T4 and T3 binding
Drugs that Increase thyroglobulin levels
•Radiation treatment
People with Graves' disease, nodular goitre, or thyroid cancer are sometimes subjected to or treated with radioactive iodine, which can destroy the thyroid. Hypothyroidism may develop as a result of the radioactive iodine's destruction. In some patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, or head and neck cancers, radiation therapy has the potential to affect the thyroid, resulting in hypothyroidism.
•Congenital (from birth)hypothyroidism
Every year, there are some babies or infants whose thyroids are not fully developed at birth. Some infants are born with a misplaced thyroid or even an incomplete thyroid (ectopic thyroid), and in some infants, thyroid cells or enzymes do not work properly, either because of a genetic defect or because of certain types of medications consumed by the mother.
•Too little or too much iodine
Thyroid hormone production requires iodine in the thyroid. Seafood, seaweed, plants cultivated in iodine-rich soil, and iodized salt are good dietary sources of iodine. Optimal levels of thyroid hormone production rely on adequate iodine intake. Insufficient iodine can cause hypothyroidism, while excess iodine can make the condition worse.
2. Secondary causes
•Hypopituitarism
In the extremely rare condition, where the pituitary gland (a pea-sized gland located at the base of the patient’s brain below the hypothalamus) fails to produce one, multiple, or any hormone. As a result, there will be a lack of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete hormones like T3 and T4.
•Isolated TSH deficiency
A rare condition, where there will be a decrease in TSH with the absence of other pituitary hormonal deficiencies or structural pituitary abnormalities.
•Bexarotene treatment
Severe central hypothyroidism was found to be a common side effect of bexarotene, and it was connected to a significant drop in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine levels in the blood.
•Hypothalamic disease
Tumours or diseases of the hypothalamus can directly affect the activity of the pituitary gland, resulting in low secretion of TSH.
3. Transient causes
•Postpartum Thyroiditis
Some pregnant women and those who have recently given birth (postpartum) experience hypothyroidism because their bodies start making antibodies against their thyroid gland. Miscarriage, premature delivery, and preeclampsia (a condition that causes a significant rise in a woman's blood pressure during the last three months of pregnancy) are more likely if hypothyroidism is left untreated.
•Subacute thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis is an immune reaction of the thyroid gland that commonly occurs after an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. The condition usually expresses itself a few weeks after a viral infection of the ear, sinuses, or throat, such as mumps, the flu, or a common cold. This leads to the occurrence of neck pain caused by a swollen and inflamed thyroid gland, which releases too little hormone as it heals.
•Thyroidectomy
It refers to the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland in patients due to the occurrence of thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, or Graves' disease. In such cases, removal of the entire or part of the thyroid gland can lower or halt the production of thyroid hormone.
HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT
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