DR RAED MD

04/22/2025

05/28/2024

®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ...

🆘 - What Is Ataxia

Ataxia refers to a lack of muscle coordination that causes awkward, clumsy movements that affect how you walk, use your arms and hands speak, or move your eyes. Ataxia may be a symptom of another underlying condition, or it may be its own disorder.

Causes of Ataxia
Ataxia is caused by damage to the cerebellum - the region of the brain that controls balance and fine-tunes movement. Conditions that affect both the cerebellum and spinal cord are called spinocerebellar ataxias.

Many medical conditions can cause this damage including:

1️⃣ Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or

2️⃣ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

3️⃣ Brain tumors

4️⃣ Cerebral palsy

5️⃣ Congenital conditions present at birth such as Chiari malformation

6️⃣ Degenerative brain conditions, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA)

7️⃣ Head injuries that cause concussions or brain damage

8️⃣ Hypothyroidism - an underactive thyroid gland

9️⃣ Multiple sclerosis

⬇️ Stroke

⬇️ Wilson disease

05/28/2024

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🆘 Ataxia Symptoms
Symptoms of ataxia may include:

1️⃣ Balance problems

2️⃣ Difficulty speaking

3️⃣ Difficulty swallowing

4️⃣ Involuntary rapid eye movements (nystagmus)

5️⃣ Poor coordination of movements

6️⃣ Problems with fine motor tasks, such as buttoning up a shirt, eating, or writing

7️⃣ Unsteady gait (walking)
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Ataxia Diagnosis
A neurologist—a doctor specialized in diagnosing and treating conditions of the brain spinal cord- and nervous system —diagnoses ataxia. If you have an underlying condition that may be causing ataxia, your neurologist will work with your other specialists to confirm a diagnosis.

Your neurologist will talk to you about your personal and family medical histories and perform a thorough physical examination.

Because ataxia can affect movement throughout the body, your doctor will check your vision, balance, coordination, reflexes, sensation, and strength. Inner ear problems can affect balance in ways that lead to ataxia, so you may be referred to an ear, nose, and throat ENT
....®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ..

02/13/2024

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نأكد للعالم و للخبراء والمختصين والأطباء - وعلماء الأبحاث العلميه --

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وجميع المعارضين وضعاف الخبرات الطبيه الواقفه حائره أمام التصلب اللويحي .. والوهن العظلى .. والتصلب الجانبي الضموري .. ومتلازمة اتكاسيا .. والشلل الرعاش

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بأننا كل يوم تظهر بشي جديد - وكل اسبوع لدينا اكتشاف جديد - وكل شهر نكتشف المزيد

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وعلاج كل هذي الأمراض بات متوفرا لدينا منذ بداية -- 2019
وليس وليد اللحظه

ولدينا المزيد والتطور المبهر ..
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Dr Raed MD
Brain chemistry specialist & immune diseases and immune dysfunction

Private clinic inter SN
Call 001-587-713-8880
🇨🇦 Canada....
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01/17/2024

Technology for treating multiple sclerosis

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Dr Raed MD
Brain chemistry specialist & immune diseases and immune dysfunction

Private clinic inter SN
Call 001-587-713-8880
🇨🇦 Canada....
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01/13/2024

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🆘 - Central nervous system diseases

⬇️ - Trauma

01/13/2024

®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ

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🆘 - Nervous system diseases

⬇️ Alzheimer's disease
⬇️ Bell's palsy. ...
⬇️ Cerebral palsy. ...
⬇️ Epilepsy. ...
⬇️ Motor neurone disease
⬇️ Multiple sclerosis
⬇️ Neurofibromatosis..
⬇️ Parkinson's disease.
⬇️ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
⬇️ Multi-infarct dementia
⬇️ Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
⬇️ Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
⬇️ Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP)
⬇️ Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
⬇️ Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA)
⬇️ Post-polio syndrome (PPS)

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⬇️ Epilepsy
⬇️ Meningitis
⬇️ Stroke
⬇️ Headaches
⬇️ Multiple sclerosis
⬇️ Huntington disease
⬇️ Traumatic brain injury
⬇️ Brain tumors
⬇️ Ataxia
⬇️ Infection
⬇️ Spine disorders
⬇️ Acute spinal cord injury
⬇️ Angelman syndrome
⬇️ Autism
⬇️ Cancer
⬇️ Cerebral palsy
⬇️ Cognitive disorders
⬇️ Degeneration
⬇️ Guillain-Barré syndrome
⬇️ diabetic neuropathy
⬇️ spectrum disorders
⬇️ Wilson disease
⬇️ Tay-Sachs disease
⬇️ Spinal muscle atrophy
⬇️ Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
⬇️ Huntington’s disease
⬇️ migraine
⬇️ cluster headache
⬇️ Cerebrovascular disease
⬇️ Cerebrovascular disease
⬇️ Congenital SMA with arthrogryposis
⬇️ Kennedy's disease
⬇️ Progressive bulbar palsy
⬇️ Degenerative Nerve Diseases
⬇️ Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
⬇️ Genetic Brain Disorders
⬇️ Lewy body disease
⬇️ Muscular dystrophy
⬇️ Leigh syndrome
⬇️ Hydrocephalus
⬇️ Cerebral atrophy
⬇️ Motor neuron diseases
⬇️ Muscular dystrophy
⬇️ Encephalopathy
⬇️ Antiphospholipid syndrome
⬇️ Batten disease
⬇️ Concussion
⬇️ Meningioma
⬇️ Periventricular leukomalacia....
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01/06/2024

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🆘 - What is MG

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease It targets the communication point between the nerve and muscle -- ® called the neuromuscular junction ® In MG antibodies block alter or destroy the neurotransmitter receptors on muscle tissue - ®®

Since the muscles can’t receive the signal to contract, people with myasthenia become weak ® MG causes weakness in voluntary muscles that worsens with activity and improves with rest - ®®

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⬇️ - What causes myasthenia gravis

MG may be triggered by a combination of irregular antibodies or problems with the thymus gland, according to the Muscular ®®

The causes and risk factors can include:

An autoimmune reaction

Autoimmune disorders occur when your immune system mistakenly targets healthy tissue. In MG these antibodies ® which usually target harmful substances in the body, instead damage nerve cells.

The antibodies ® block or attack acetylcholine receptors® which makes muscles unable to response ®®

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Thymus gland irregularities
The thymus gland typically grows until puberty and controls healthy immune functions throughout your life. After puberty, the gland shrinks in size

In manyTrusted Source people with MG, the thymus gland stays large ®®

Developing benign or cancerous thymus gland tumors is also possible, which may interfere with crucial immune cell production. ®®

About 75% of people with MG have thymus gland irregularities (thymic hyperplasia ® and another 15% have tumors ®®

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🆘 - What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis

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The main symptom of MG is weakness in the voluntary skeletal muscles®® which are muscles under your control

Muscles typically fail to contract if they can’t respond to nerve impulses ®® When communication between nerve and muscle is blocked ®® weakness results. The degree of weakness can change daily ®® and symptom severity typically increases over time if left untreated.

Weakness associated with MG usually gets worse with activity and improves with rest ®®

People with MG may experience different symptoms affecting different parts of the body ® such as --

🆘1️⃣ - Eyes - ®

When affecting the eyes MG can cause:

⬇️ drooping eyelids (ptosis)

⬇️ blurry or double vision (diplopia)

⬇️ issues with eye and eyelid movement

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🆘2️⃣ - Throat -®

When MG affects the muscles of the throat you may experience:

⬇️ difficulty speaking (dysarthria)

⬇️ issues with swallowing

⬇️ difficulty swallowing or chewing

⬇️ hoarse voice

⬇️ neck weakness ® which can make it difficult to hold up your head

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🆘3️⃣ - Chest -®

When MG affects the muscles of the chest area ® you may experience

⬇️shortness of breath

⬇️ difficulty breathing

⬇️ weakness in the diaphragm and chest muscles
This can lead to myasthenic crisis and respiratory failure.

⬇️ A myasthenic crisis is life threatening and requires emergency medical treatment.

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🆘4️⃣ - Arms and legs ®

MG can also affect muscles in your arms and legs which may cause

⬇️ fatigue

⬇️ weakness in your fingers hands and arms

⬇️ overall weakness in your legs

⬇️ problems walking up stairs or lifting objects

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01/06/2024

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🆘 - The peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves that lie outside the central nervous system -- the brain and spinal cord

It includes different types of nerves with their own specific functions including

sensory nerves – responsible for transmitting sensations, such as pain and touch
motor nerves – responsible for controlling muscles
autonomic nerves – responsible for regulating automatic functions of the body, such as blood pressure and bladder function

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🆘 - Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
The main symptoms of peripheral neuropathy can include --

1️⃣ numbness and tingling in the feet or hands

2️⃣ burning, stabbing or shooting pain in affected areas

3️⃣ loss of balance and co-ordination

4️⃣ muscle weakness especially in the feet

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It's also recommended that people at highest risk of peripheral neuropathy - such as people with diabetes have regular check - up

You may be referred to hospital to see a neurologist a specialist in health problems affecting the nervous system.

Generally - the sooner peripheral neuropathy is diagnosed - the better the chance of limiting the damage and preventing further complications

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Causes of peripheral neuropathy
diabetes -- both type 1 and type 2 -- is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy.

Over time the high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes can damage the nerves

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This type of nerve damage is known as diabetic polyneuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy can also have a wide range of other causes.

For example it can be caused by

1️⃣ physical injury to the nerves

2️⃣ a viral infection such as shingles

3️⃣ a side effect of certain medicines or drinking too much alcohol

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🆘 - Different types of peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy affect

1️⃣ only 1 nerve mononeuropathy

2️⃣ several nerves mononeuritis multiplex

3️⃣ all the nerves in the body (polyneuropathy)
Polyneuropathy is the most common type and starts by affecting the longest nerves first, so symptoms typically begin in the feet

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Over time it gradually starts to affect shorter nerves, so feels as if it's spreading upwards, and later affects the hands.

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The peripheral nerves are like cables that connect different parts of a computer or connect to the Internet. When they malfunction, complex functions can grind to a halt

1️⃣ Nerve signaling in neuropathy is disrupted in three ways:

2️⃣ Loss of signals normally sent
Inappropriate signaling when there shouldn't be any

3️⃣ Errors that distort the messages being sent

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01/06/2024

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The substantia nigra is a midbrain dopaminergic nucleus which has a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions as part of the basal ganglia circuitry. It is one of the brainstem nuclei and part of the extrapyramidal system.

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Although it is often referred to as one structure, there are actually two substantia nigrae, one on each side of the brainstem. They
are situated in the anterior midbrain and mark the transition point of the tegmentum and cerebral peduncles

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🆘 -Function

Located within the midbrain posterior to the crus cerebri fibers of the cerebral peduncle, the substantia nigra can be functionally and morphologically divided into two regions,

1️⃣ Pars compacta (SNpc): Most of the dopamine neurones of the brain are found in either the substantia nigra or the ventral tegmental area, which is located adjacent to the substantia nigra. The dopamine neurones in the SNpc express high levels of a pigment called neuromelanin, which accounts for their dark colour

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2️⃣ Pars reticulata (SNpr) populated largely by GABA neurones[1].
The SN It is an important relay station in the motor system. Projections from the substantia nigra leave the the forebrain forming synapses on multiple neuronal populations throughout the basal ganglia including the

⬇️Caudate nucleus
⬇️Anterior cerebral cortex
⬇️Putamen
⬇️Precentral cortex

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