
08/18/2025
Social Media and the Rise of Mental Health Problems
by Phil Reed D.Phil.
Much has been said about rises in mental health problems reported by younger people over the past 20 years. It is estimated that the prevalence of anxiety for 18-to-25-year-olds was about 8% in 2008, compared with 15% in 20181, and it is now around 17%2. These figures certainly imply an increase in psychological problems for this age group. Many explanations have been put forth concerning factors responsible – such as living in a more uncertain world3, lack of resilience among the young4, or copycat reporting5. However, a suggestion that has not been explored in detail is that there is an increase in the experience of anxiety symptoms – not anxiety in the strict sense but as a result of social media withdrawal.
It is certainly the case that the rise in reporting of anxiety by younger people over the last 20 years has been paralleled by a rise in social media use. Twenty years ago (in 2008, when the iPhone/smartphone was launched), the prevalence of social media usage among 18-to-25 year-olds was 65%6, and now is around 99%7. This increase of 50% mirrors the rise in anxiety (although, is less pronounced). Of course, this correlation fits several of the above explanations, and, although it sounds harsh, copycat reporting of psychological problems from videos posted by others on social media – for either attention or identity – cannot be ruled out. However, another factor accompanying high social media use is social media withdrawal8 – which can sometimes (indeed often) present like symptoms of anxiety9.
Excessive social media use can happen for any number of reasons. I am not speaking about the personal reasons of the individual – which are of clinical importance – but of the underlying psychological processes. At least three such processes have been noted as important in this context: habit, addiction, and adjunct behaviours10,11. The latter are produced when there is a gap between the delivery of important reinforcers (events) in an organism’s environment, and behaviour emerges during this interval. Schedule-induced polydipsia is an example of this effect, where food is delivered to a rat at fixed intervals, and the rat comes to emit excessive drinking in between times – an effect linked with substance misuse12. This is an interesting suggestion in the context of social media use – is it just filling time between more important things?11 However, habit and addiction are better studied – both produce high levels of behaviour, but are different from one another.
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Increases in anxiety reported by younger people may perhaps be symptoms of social media withdrawal.