
09/03/2025
Welcome to another edition of Let's Learn; a series we share recent research and resources put together by our team member Hailey! Note that the topic of PDA and ODD have not been well studied within music therapy, so these resources are things to keep in mind when caring for clients with these identities in various therapy spaces.
PDA, ODD & (Music) Therapy
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Includes a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing, and defiance toward parents and other authority figures. ODD also includes being spiteful and seeking revenge, a behaviour called vindictiveness causing problems with family life, social activities, school and work (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)
Also known as Pervasive Drive for Autonomy, this is widely understood to be a profile found within some autistic people, and within some people with other conditions. The most obvious characteristic is a determined avoidance of so-called ‘common’ demands of life, including expectations and things the person enjoys doing. It is important to be aware that PDA is not just about demand avoidance, and that PDA isn’t a diagnosis (PDA Society, 2025).
Clinical Debate
Because there is still academic and clinical debate about the terminology and classification of PDA, recognition of PDA is currently inconsistent. Identifying PDA can also be difficult because it may present in a way that is different to how some people, including clinicians, currently think about autism, and there are overlaps in presenting characteristics between a PDA profile of autism and other conditions (PDA Society, 2025).
Support (PDA)
Foundations: Trust in Relationships, Equity & Power Balances, Compassion
PANDA: Prioritize and Compromise, Anxiety Management, Negotiation and Collaboration, Disguise and Manage Demands, Adaptation
Low Arousal
Equalizing (Levelling)
Collaborative and Proactive Solutions
(PDA Society, 2024)
Support (ODD)
Proactive and Preventative: neutral tone for giving instruction, upbeat tone for praise & encouragement, firm tone for reprimands
Advanced communication: what actions will have consequences & what the progression of consequences will be, rules and expectations are clearly stated
Look ahead: advance thinking of potential conflict inducing situations, thinking through mitigation
(Jones, 2018)
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