11/10/2024
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1. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Often called the "fight-or-flight" system, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity and stress responses.
When activated, it releases neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline), causing various physiological changes.
Effects on Organs:
π΄ Heart: Increases heart rate and force of contraction, thus raising blood pressure and cardiac output.
π΄ Lungs: Dilates bronchioles, allowing more oxygen to enter the bloodstream.
π΄ Eyes: Dilates pupils (mydriasis), allowing more light to enter and enhancing vision.
π΄ Digestive System: Decreases digestive activity by reducing blood flow, decreasing salivation, and slowing peristalsis (intestinal movement).
π΄ Liver: Stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) to increase blood sugar levels.
π΄ Adrenal Glands: Stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine for a heightened fight-or-flight response.
π΄ Urinary System: Relaxes bladder wall muscles and constricts sphincters, reducing urination.
π΄ Skin: Stimulates sweat production to cool the body down.
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
Known as the "rest-and-digest" system, the parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy and promotes relaxation, digestion, and recovery.
It releases acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter, which activates the calming effects on the body.
Effects on Organs:
π΅ Heart: Decreases heart rate and the force of contraction, lowering blood pressure and promoting a relaxed state.
π΅ Lungs: Constricts bronchioles, as high oxygen levels are less needed during rest.
π΅ Eyes: Constricts pupils (miosis), allowing less light in for a more relaxed visual state.
π΅Digestive System: Increases digestive activity by enhancing blood flow, increasing salivation, and promoting peristalsis, which aids in digestion.
π΅ Liver: Promotes glycogen synthesis, storing glucose for future energy needs.
π΅ Adrenal Glands: No significant effect, as these glands are primarily under sympathetic control.
π΅ Urinary System: Contracts the bladder wall muscles and relaxes sphincters to promote urination.
π΅ Skin: Generally no direct effect, but it promotes relaxation, which reduces sweating.
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Post credit: Akmal K. Ishak/LinkedIn