02/25/2025
"Trauma & the Brain: How Your Mind Remembers, Reacts, and Recovers"
The neuroscience of trauma primarily involves the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, which work together to process experiences and regulate emotions. Trauma disrupts this system, leading to heightened fear responses, difficulty processing memories, and impaired emotional regulation. These effects are not just emotional but also deeply physical.
1. Amygdala – The Alarm System
• Function: The amygdala detects threats and activates the fight-or-flight response.
• Impact of Trauma: Trauma over-activates the amygdala, making it hypersensitive to perceived danger, even when there is no real threat.
Physical Responses:
• Racing heart (palpitations)
• Shortness of breath
• Tightness in the chest
• Shaking or trembling
• Sweating
• Tunnel vision or hyper-awareness
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Big "T" Trauma Example:
A person who experienced a violent robbery may panic when they see someone wearing a similar hoodie to their attacker, even in a safe setting.
Small "t" Trauma Example:
A child who was frequently scolded harshly in school may feel intense anxiety when a coworker gives them constructive criticism, reacting as if they are in trouble.
2. Hippocampus – The Memory Organizer
• Function: The hippocampus encodes, organizes, and contextualizes memories, distinguishing past from present.
• Impact of Trauma: Trauma shrinks the hippocampus, making it harder to differentiate between past and present danger. This can cause fragmented or distorted memories.
Physical Responses:
• Brain fog or forgetfulness
• Trouble concentrating
• Feeling disoriented or “out of it”
• Headaches
• A sense of déjà vu (reliving a past event)
Big "T" Trauma Example:
A survivor of a car accident may react with extreme fear to honking horns, feeling as if the accident is happening again, even though they are safe.
Small "t" Trauma Example:
Someone who was embarrassed while giving a class presentation in middle school may still experience panic when speaking in meetings, even though they are now a confident professional.
3. Prefrontal Cortex – The Rational Thinker
• Function: The prefrontal cortex regulates emotions, assesses risk, and helps calm the amygdala’s fear response.
• Impact of Trauma: Trauma weakens the prefrontal cortex, making it harder to regulate emotions, think rationally, or feel safe.
Physical Responses:
• Feeling emotionally numb or disconnected
• Trouble making decisions
• Difficulty calming down after stress
• Chronic fatigue or burnout
• Increased sensitivity to stress
Big "T" Trauma Example:
A person who grew up in an abusive household may struggle to calm themselves after a minor argument, feeling overwhelmed and unsafe even in non-threatening situations.
Small "t" Trauma Example:
Someone who was repeatedly ignored or dismissed in childhood may feel deep self-doubt when their texts go unanswered, assuming they are being rejected rather than considering neutral reasons.
How These Brain Areas Interact in Trauma:
• The amygdala overreacts to triggers, sending distress signals.
• The hippocampus struggles to differentiate past trauma from the present moment.
• The prefrontal cortex is weakened, making it harder to rationalize fear and regulate emotions.
This imbalance keeps the body in constant survival mode, even when the threat is gone, leading to chronic stress, anxiety, and exhaustion.