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Bacterial diseases of the nervous system

●Bacterial infections that affect the nervous system are serious and can be life-threatening. Fortunately, there are only a few bacterial species commonly associated with neurological infections.

Bacterial Meningitis

◇Bacterial meningitis is one of the most serious forms of meningitis.
◇Bacteria that cause meningitis often gain access to the CNS through the bloodstream after trauma or as a result of the action of bacterial toxins.
◇Bacteria may also spread from structures in the upper respiratory tract, such as the oropharynx, nasopharynx, sinuses, and middle ear.
Patients with head wounds or cochlear implants (an electronic device placed in the inner ear) are also at risk for developing meningitis.

Many of the bacteria that can cause meningitis are commonly found in healthy people.
◇The most common causes of non-neonatal bacterial meningitis are Neisseria meningitidis , Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Haemophilus influenzae .
All three of these bacterial pathogens are spread from person to person by respiratory secretions.
Each can colonize and cross through the mucous membranes of the oropharynx and nasopharynx, and enter the blood.
Once in the blood, these pathogens can disseminate throughout the body and are capable of both establishing an infection and triggering inflammation in any body site, including the meninges .
◇Without appropriate systemic antibacterial therapy, the case-fatality rate can be as high as 70%, and 20% of those survivors may be left with irreversible nerve damage or tissue destruction, resulting in hearing loss, neurologic disability, or loss of a limb.
◇Mortality rates are much lower (as low as 15%) in populations where appropriate therapeutic drugs and preventive vaccines are available.

◇A variety of other bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli , are also capable of causing meningitis. These bacteria cause infections of the arachnoid mater and CSF after spreading through the circulation in blood or by spreading from an infection of the sinuses or nasopharynx.
Streptococcus agalactiae , commonly found in the microbiota of the va**na and gastrointestinal tract, can also cause bacterial meningitis in newborns after transmission from the mother either before or during birth.

The profound inflammation caused by these microbes can result in early symptoms that include severe headache, fever, confusion, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and stiff neck. Systemic inflammatory responses associated with some types of bacterial meningitis can lead to hemorrhaging and purpuric lesions on skin, followed by even more severe conditions that include shock, convulsions, coma, and death—in some cases, in the span of just a few hours.



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Hello Medicos & Doctors😊
Today's Topic- "HOW WE SPEAK"

💢LARYNX also Known As Natural "VOICE BOX" or "SOUNDBOX" is Responsible For All the types of sounds Produced Through The Way of Your Mouth.
💢Your Tongue, Teeth, Vestibule , Teeth and Lips Has also Great Additional Role in All types of Words Or Sounds You Produces.
💢The lining of the larynx has folds across it about halfway down. These are known as the ventricular folds or Vestibular Folds also called FALSE VOCAL CORDS.
💢 Looking into the larynx from above, they look a little like curtains that have been drawn open slightly.
💢The vocal cords run along their edges. The gap between the two vocal cords is called the glottis.
💢By using ligaments and muscles, the vocal cords can be opened and closed, tensed and held together closely – which looks like the curtains being closed.

💢The arytenoid cartilages help move the vocal folds allowing tension, relaxation, or approximation of these because the vocal folds, being attached to the arytenoids, move along with them. Several intrinsic laryngeal muscles and ligaments are also attached to the arytenoids and can move them around.

💢When we breathe out, air flows through the gap between the vocal cords. Depending on their exact position, this causes them to vibrate in different ways, resulting in different tones.

💢The process of altering a source sound as it passes through the filter of the vocal tract creates the many different vowel and consonant sounds of the world's languages as well as tone, certain realizations of stress and other types of linguistic prosody.

💢Together with the movements of the tongue and mouth, very different sounds can be produced at different volumes, allowing us to speak and sing.

💢 , the vocal cords of boys and girls are equally long. The larynx grows during puberty. This makes the vocal cords longer, lowering the voice – there is a noticeable “breaking” of the voice, especially in boys.

💢 have a considerably larger larynx than women do, which is why men typically have a deeper voice.