13/04/2025
✅ Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine >10°, often with vertebral rotation.
Etiology
✔️ Idiopathic (most common) – Especially in adolescents (F > M)
✔️ Congenital – Vertebral anomalies (e.g., hemivertebra)
✔️ Neuromuscular – Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy
✔️ Syndromic – Marfan syndrome, neurofibromatosis
Clinical Features
✔️ Asymmetry in shoulder or hip height
✔️ Rib hump on forward bend test (Adam’s test)
✔️ Usually painless
✔️ Severe cases → Restrictive lung disease
Diagnosis
✔️ Standing spinal X-ray
✔️ Cobb angle measurement (≥10° diagnostic)
Management
✔️ 40–50°: Surgical correction (spinal fusion)
✅ Kyphosis: Excessive forward curvature of thoracic spine (>40–45°)
Etiology
✔️ Postural kyphosis – Common, flexible, correctable
✔️ Scheuermann disease – Juvenile structural kyphosis (wedge-shaped vertebrae)
✔️ Osteoporotic compression fractures – Elderly
✔️ Congenital or traumatic causes
Clinical Features
✔️ Hunchback appearance
✔️ Back pain (variable)
✔️ Decreased height in elderly
✔️ Severe kyphosis → Restrictive lung pattern
Diagnosis
✔️ Lateral spinal X-ray – Measures kyphotic angle
✔️ MRI – If neurologic symptoms or atypical presentation
Management
✔️ Postural – Physical therapy
✔️ Scheuermann’s – Bracing, surgery if severe
✔️ Osteoporotic – Bisphosphonates, vertebroplasty for fractures